Occidental Sources Concerning Nubia

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These "Occidental Sources Concerning Nubia" are to accompany and support the compilation of Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia by Giovanni Vantini already available in this source book.

These sources are gathered from authors across Europe writing in languages including, but not exclusive to: Latin, Old French and Italian.

Comments and recommendations of sources to the administrators of the website are most welcome.


Heliodorus (originally c. 4th century but reappeared throughout the Medieval period)

The Marvels of the East (c. 1000)

Chanson de Roland (c. 1090)

Matthew of Edessa (c. 1137)

Hugh of St. Victor (d. 1142)

Anna Comnena (c. 1148)

Richard of Poitiers (1172)

Chronicle of Ernoul (c. late 12th century)

Theodoric (c. late 12th century)

Robert de Clari (c. 1216)

Roger of Wendover (c. 1235)

Burchard of Mount Sion (c. late 13th century)

Matthew Paris (c. 1250)

Marco Polo (c. 1300)

Marino Sanudo Torsello (c. 1300-21)

Friar Jordanus (c. 1330)

Niccolo da Poggibonsi (c. 1345-50)

Anonymous Account of the Holy Land (c. 1350)

Sir John Mandeville (d. 1371)

Orlando Innamorato (1482)

Orlando Furioso (1532)