Occidental Sources Concerning Nubia

These "Occidental Sources Concerning Nubia" are to accompany and support the compilation of Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia by Giovanni Vantini already available in this source book.

These sources are gathered from authors across Europe writing in languages including, but not exclusive to: Latin, Old French and Italian.

Comments and recommendations of sources to the administrators of the website are most welcome.

Translations are open to revision and debate.

Heliodorus (originally c. 4th century but reappeared throughout the Medieval period)

Antonius Martyr (c. 570)

The Marvels of the East (c. 1000)

Chanson de Roland (c. 1090)

Matthew of Edessa (c. 1137)

Hugh of St. Victor (d. 1142)

Anna Comnena (c. 1148)

John of Würburg (c. 1170)

Richard of Poitiers (1172)

William of Tyre (c. 1170-84)

Chanson d'Antioche (c. 1180)

Chronicle of Ernoul (c. late 12th century)

Theodoric (c. late 12th century)

Arnold of Lübeck (c. 1209)

Robert de Clari (c. 1216)

Jacques de Vitry (c. 1220)

Roger of Wendover (c. 1235)

Alberic of Trois-Fontaines (c. 1241)

Burchard of Mount Sion (c. late 13th century)

Matthew Paris (c. 1250)

Marco Polo (c. 1300)

Hayton of Corycus (1307)

Guillaume Adam (c. 1310-4)

Marino Sanudo Torsello (c. 1300-21)

Friar Jordanus (c. 1330)

Directorium ad Passagium Faciendum (1332)

Niccolo da Poggibonsi (c. 1345-50)

Anonymous Account of the Holy Land (c. 1350)

Sir John Mandeville (d. 1371)

Orlando Innamorato (1482)

Friar Felix Fabri (c. 1483)

Orlando Furioso (1532)