Ibn al-Furat - Revision history

Seignobos at 10:27, 21 April 2016

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	As for the Beja, their country is contiguous to Nubia; their king, called "''al-Ḥadrabī''", is recognised as the supreme chief (''khalīfa'') of the ''Sūdān''. In the time of al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-dīn Baybars the Sultan of Egypt, the Beja king was Bā(?)T(?)KS<ref>No diacritic dots in the original; many different readings are possible.</ref> and was called Ṣārim ad-dīn: he was the ''khalīfa'' of the ''Sūdān'', according to what they claim.		As for the Beja, their country is contiguous to Nubia; their king, called "''al-Ḥadrabī''", is recognised as the supreme chief (''khalīfa'') of the ''Sūdān''. In the time of al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-dīn Baybars the Sultan of Egypt, the Beja king was Bā(?)T(?)KS<ref>No diacritic dots in the original; many different readings are possible.</ref> and was called Ṣārim ad-dīn: he was the ''khalīfa'' of the ''Sūdān'', according to what they claim.

	The Commandant of the Faithful al-Mutawakkil ‘alā Allah the Abbasid ordered his representative in Egypt to invade the Beja: the army arrived at 'Aydhāb and the boats, too, which were on the Red Sea, landed there; the army marched up to one of the Beja's strongholds (''qal’a munāhiḍā''). The Beja king (''al-bujāwī'') went out against them, mounted on camels (''ibil'') girt with straps. The chief (''nā’ib'') of the Moslem army noticed that and planned a stratagem: he had bells tied to the necks of the horses. When the camels heard the sound of the bells they '''[p. 536]''' fled in utter confusion. The Beja king was killed, the son of his brother took over and asked for a truce (''hudna''). The Commandant of the Faithful refused saying: I shall not grant it, until he will tread on my carpet. The Beja king went to see him and when he arrived at Surra-man-rā'a a peace treaty was made in the year 241 H. [= ~~555~~ A.D.] on condition that the Beja should give the ''baqṭ''. They complied with this condition. Al-Mutawakkil also put among the conditions that the Beja should not prevent the Moslems from working in the gold mine.		The Commandant of the Faithful al-Mutawakkil ‘alā Allah the Abbasid ordered his representative in Egypt to invade the Beja: the army arrived at 'Aydhāb and the boats, too, which were on the Red Sea, landed there; the army marched up to one of the Beja's strongholds (''qal’a munāhiḍā''). The Beja king (''al-bujāwī'') went out against them, mounted on camels (''ibil'') girt with straps. The chief (''nā’ib'') of the Moslem army noticed that and planned a stratagem: he had bells tied to the necks of the horses. When the camels heard the sound of the bells they '''[p. 536]''' fled in utter confusion. The Beja king was killed, the son of his brother took over and asked for a truce (''hudna''). The Commandant of the Faithful refused saying: I shall not grant it, until he will tread on my carpet. The Beja king went to see him and when he arrived at Surra-man-rā'a a peace treaty was made in the year 241 H. [= 855 A.D.] on condition that the Beja should give the ''baqṭ''. They complied with this condition. Al-Mutawakkil also put among the conditions that the Beja should not prevent the Moslems from working in the gold mine.

	The emirs who conquered Nubia in that year [1276 A.D.] and pulled down the church of ''Sūs'' (Isus) - as we have already mentioned - found gold crosses and other objects amounting to 4640 1/2 dinars and silver vessels amounting to 8660 dinars. Our author (''ṣāḥib'') the emir Ṣārim ad-dīn Ibrāhīm, better known as Ibn Duqmāq,<ref>Ibn Duqmāq’s history work is still unpublished.</ref> said: The Nubians who were slain were a great number and those who were made prisoner were an even greater number, so that a slave was sold for three dirhams, and those who remained after the massacre and the sale were ten thousand. This is what he said.		The emirs who conquered Nubia in that year [1276 A.D.] and pulled down the church of ''Sūs'' (Isus) - as we have already mentioned - found gold crosses and other objects amounting to 4640 1/2 dinars and silver vessels amounting to 8660 dinars. Our author (''ṣāḥib'') the emir Ṣārim ad-dīn Ibrāhīm, better known as Ibn Duqmāq,<ref>Ibn Duqmāq’s history work is still unpublished.</ref> said: The Nubians who were slain were a great number and those who were made prisoner were an even greater number, so that a slave was sold for three dirhams, and those who remained after the massacre and the sale were ten thousand. This is what he said.

Seignobos at 11:36, 19 January 2016

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	... The above<ref>Mentioned in the oath.</ref> is the tribute imposed on the king on the occasion of the conquest (''fatḥ''). The ''baqṭ'', which '''[p. 535]''' is a fixed amount to be paid by the Nūba every year, was imposed on them long before, in the days of 'Alī b. Aḥmad aṣ-Ṣarfaynī, and consisted of 400 slaves and one giraffe; the slaves were to be distributed as follows: 360 to the Commandant of the Faithful and 40 to the Governor (''nā’ib'') of Egypt. As counterpart, according to the old tradition, the messengers of the Nubian king received, - on delivery of the whole amount of the ''baqṭ'' - 1,300 ardeb of wheat, of which 300 were for them.		... The above<ref>Mentioned in the oath.</ref> is the tribute imposed on the king on the occasion of the conquest (''fatḥ''). The ''baqṭ'', which '''[p. 535]''' is a fixed amount to be paid by the Nūba every year, was imposed on them long before, in the days of 'Alī b. Aḥmad aṣ-Ṣarfaynī, and consisted of 400 slaves and one giraffe; the slaves were to be distributed as follows: 360 to the Commandant of the Faithful and 40 to the Governor (''nā’ib'') of Egypt. As counterpart, according to the old tradition, the messengers of the Nubian king received, - on delivery of the whole amount of the ''baqṭ'' - 1,300 ardeb of wheat, of which 300 were for them.

	Al-Balādhurī said in his "''Kitāb ai-Futūḥāt''": "The tribute imposed on the Nūba is four hundred slaves, for which they received foodstuffs, i.e. cereals. The Commandant of the Faithful al-Madhī the Abbasid reduced it to three hundred and sixty slaves and one giraffe."		Al-Balādhurī said in his "''Kitāb al-Futūḥāt''": "The tribute imposed on the Nūba is four hundred slaves, for which they received foodstuffs, i.e. cereals. The Commandant of the Faithful al-Madhī the Abbasid reduced it to three hundred and sixty slaves and one giraffe."

	As for the Beja, their country is contiguous to Nubia; their king, called "''al-Ḥadrabī''", is recognised as the supreme chief (''khalīfa'') of the ''Sūdān''. In the time of al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-dīn Baybars the Sultan of Egypt, the Beja king was Bā(?)T(?)KS<ref>No diacritic dots in the original; many different readings are possible.</ref> and was called Ṣārim ad-dīn: he was the ''khalīfa'' of the ''Sūdān'', according to what they claim.		As for the Beja, their country is contiguous to Nubia; their king, called "''al-Ḥadrabī''", is recognised as the supreme chief (''khalīfa'') of the ''Sūdān''. In the time of al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-dīn Baybars the Sultan of Egypt, the Beja king was Bā(?)T(?)KS<ref>No diacritic dots in the original; many different readings are possible.</ref> and was called Ṣārim ad-dīn: he was the ''khalīfa'' of the ''Sūdān'', according to what they claim.

Seignobos at 11:16, 19 January 2016

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	Their country is the largest of all; it is more powerful because of the number of inhabitants and it is the longest as it stretches across [several] Climates.		Their country is the largest of all; it is more powerful because of the number of inhabitants and it is the longest as it stretches across [several] Climates.

	The Church of ''Isūs'' (? Osus) was pulled down. It was the one about which Dāwūd boasted that it reminded him what he had to do. This Dāwūd had built, with the labour of the Moslems, a place (''makan'') which he called "'Aydhāb": it consisted of houses, churches and a square in which he had portrayed the Moslems whom he had slain at ‘Aydhāb or taken prisoner at Aswān. These paintings were erased and the walls were pulled down. It was imposed [on ''MShKD''] that he should hand over to the Sultan the private property of king Dāwūd and of his relatives, in slaves (''raqīq''), and cloth (''qumāsh''). The emir found some Nubian princes (''umarāʾ'') who were the seed of the rebellion in the country; they were twenty in number; he had them all mutilated in the nose (''jada'a-hum''). He freed the prisoners seized at 'Aydhāb and Aswān, accompanied them and helped them to go back home. He also obliged ''MShKD'' to free any other prisoner .who had been withheld. Then he crowned ''MShKD'' with the crown of the kingdom (''tāj al-mamlaka'') according to their custom, and enthroned him in place of king Dāwūd. This is the formula of the oath which ''MShKD'' took.<ref>There follow the two formulas of oath. As the text is identical with that of Nuwayrī [q.v.], they have been omitted here.</ref>		The Church of ''Isūs'' (? Osus) was pulled down. It was the one about which Dāwūd boasted that it reminded him what he had to do. This Dāwūd had built, with the labour of the Moslems, a place (''makan'') which he called "'Aydhāb": it consisted of houses, churches and a square in which he had portrayed the Moslems whom he had slain at ‘Aydhāb or taken prisoner at Aswān. These paintings were erased and the walls were pulled down. It was imposed [on ''MShKD''] that he should hand over to the Sultan the private property of king Dāwūd and of his relatives, in slaves (''raqīq''), and cloth (''qumāsh''). The emir found some Nubian princes (''umarāʾ'') who were the seed of the rebellion in the country; they were twenty in number; he had them all mutilated in the nose (''jada'a-hum''). He freed the prisoners seized at 'Aydhāb and Aswān, accompanied them and helped them to go back home. He also obliged ''MShKD'' to free any other prisoner who had been withheld. Then he crowned ''MShKD'' with the crown of the kingdom (''tāj al-mamlaka'') according to their custom, and enthroned him in place of king Dāwūd. This is the formula of the oath which ''MShKD'' took.<ref>There follow the two formulas of oath. As the text is identical with that of Nuwayrī [q.v.], they have been omitted here.</ref>

	... The above<ref>Mentioned in the oath.</ref> is the tribute imposed on the king on the occasion of the conquest (''fatḥ''). The ''baqṭ'', which '''[p. 535]''' is a fixed amount to be paid by the Nūba every year, was imposed on them long before, in the days of 'Alī b. Aḥmad aṣ-Ṣarfaynī, and consisted of 400 slaves and one giraffe; the slaves were to be distributed as follows: 360 to the Commandant of the Faithful and 40 to the Governor (''nā’ib'') of Egypt. As counterpart, according to the old tradition, the messengers of the Nubian king received, - on delivery of the whole amount of the ''baqṭ'' - 1,300 ardeb of wheat, of which 300 were for them.		... The above<ref>Mentioned in the oath.</ref> is the tribute imposed on the king on the occasion of the conquest (''fatḥ''). The ''baqṭ'', which '''[p. 535]''' is a fixed amount to be paid by the Nūba every year, was imposed on them long before, in the days of 'Alī b. Aḥmad aṣ-Ṣarfaynī, and consisted of 400 slaves and one giraffe; the slaves were to be distributed as follows: 360 to the Commandant of the Faithful and 40 to the Governor (''nā’ib'') of Egypt. As counterpart, according to the old tradition, the messengers of the Nubian king received, - on delivery of the whole amount of the ''baqṭ'' - 1,300 ardeb of wheat, of which 300 were for them.

Seignobos at 17:44, 5 May 2015

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	We have already mentioned that the king of Nubia, after he had made sure of the return of the Egyptian army, to Cairo, went back to Dunqula, expelled the king enthroned by the emir ‘Alam ad-dīn al-Khayyāt and recaptured the whole country. The king who had been appointee by the Sultan came to the Court for talks with the Sultan.		We have already mentioned that the king of Nubia, after he had made sure of the return of the Egyptian army, to Cairo, went back to Dunqula, expelled the king enthroned by the emir ‘Alam ad-dīn al-Khayyāt and recaptured the whole country. The king who had been appointee by the Sultan came to the Court for talks with the Sultan.

	In this year [688 H./1289 A.D.] al-Malik al-Manṣūr despatched to Nubia the emir ’Izz ad-dīn Aybek al-Afram, '''[p. 543]''' the emir ''Jandār'', with an expeditionary force which consisted of [troops of] the emir Sayf ad-dīn Qipjāq al-Manṣūrī, the emir Sayf ad-dīn Boktemer the Jūkandār and the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aydemer governor of Qōs. He also gave them some corps (''atlāb'') chosen from the troops of the emirs: a corps (''ṭilb'') of the emir Zayn ad-dīn Ketbogha al-Manṣūrī, one from the emir Sayf ad-dīn Bahāder the chief of the ''jamdāriyya'' guards (''nawba''), one from the emir 'Alā' ad-dīn aṭ-Ṭaybarsī, one from the emir Shams ad-dīn Sonqor aṭ-Ṭawīl and the remainder from the soldiers (''ajnād'') of the southern districts and the deputy-governors (''nuwwāb al-wulāt''). He added a force of forty thousand foot soldiers, taken from the bedouin troops in Egypt, both North and South. The regent of Nubia and his ''nā’ib'' Jurays joined this expedition. The army left the court of Cairo on Tuesday 8 Shawwāl ~~668~~ [25 October 1289 A.D.]. More than five hundred boats, small and large, including flame-throwing boats (''ḥarārīq''), and transport boats loaded with coats of mail, supplies and equipment, sailed with the expeditionary force. When the army arrived at the frontier town of Aswān, the Regent of Nubia, sent by al-Malik al-Manṣūr to accompany the army, died and was buried at Aswān. The emir ‘Izz ad-dīn Afram informed the Sultan, who sent one of the sons of king Dāwūd's sister - a man who was- at the Sultan's court - and nominated him King of Nubia. This man took post horses and reached the army before it left Aswān. After his arrival there, the army divided, as usual, into two expeditionary forces. The emir 'Izz ad-dīn al-Afram with the emir Sayf ad-dīn Qipjāq and one half of the army and one half of the Arabs marched along the west bank, the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aydemer, governor of Qōs with the emir Sayf ad-dīn Boktemer al-Jūkandār and the other half of the army and Arabs, along the east bank. '''[p. 544]''' They directed al-Jurays, the ''nā’ib'' of Nubia, to go ahead of them, station by station, accompanied by Awlād al-Kanz emir of Aswan, in order to restore the confidence of the population, give them safe-conduct and prepare the halting places for the army. Whenever the army arrived at a village (''balad''), the old men (''mashā'ikh'') and the prominent villagers (''a'yān'') came to meet them, kissed the ground before the emirs and were given safe-conduct, after which they settled in the village. This was done in all villages between Daw and the inlands of Mikā'īl- which is the territory under the jurisdiction of Jurays the Lord of the Mountain. In the rest of the country, which was not under the jurisdiction of Jurays, the population fled in obedience to the order of the Regent of Nubia. There the array plundered whatever they could carry off, killed all the natives who had remained behind, pastured the horses in the cultivated fields, burnt the sāqiyas and the houses as far as Dunqula. Here they realized that the king had left and had also evacuated the population. The emirs found only one old man and an old woman whom they questioned about the king. They answered: "He has gone to an island fifteen days from Dunqula the island itself is three days' journey in width." The emir ‘Izz ad-dīn governor of Qōs with his men immediately left for the said island, but no ''ḥarrāqa'' boat, nor any other boat accompanied him because of the many rocks in the river. We shall describe the rest of the story later. (Beirut VIII, p. 82).		In this year [688 H./1289 A.D.] al-Malik al-Manṣūr despatched to Nubia the emir ’Izz ad-dīn Aybek al-Afram, '''[p. 543]''' the emir ''Jandār'', with an expeditionary force which consisted of [troops of] the emir Sayf ad-dīn Qipjāq al-Manṣūrī, the emir Sayf ad-dīn Boktemer the Jūkandār and the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aydemer governor of Qōs. He also gave them some corps (''atlāb'') chosen from the troops of the emirs: a corps (''ṭilb'') of the emir Zayn ad-dīn Ketbogha al-Manṣūrī, one from the emir Sayf ad-dīn Bahāder the chief of the ''jamdāriyya'' guards (''nawba''), one from the emir 'Alā' ad-dīn aṭ-Ṭaybarsī, one from the emir Shams ad-dīn Sonqor aṭ-Ṭawīl and the remainder from the soldiers (''ajnād'') of the southern districts and the deputy-governors (''nuwwāb al-wulāt''). He added a force of forty thousand foot soldiers, taken from the bedouin troops in Egypt, both North and South. The regent of Nubia and his ''nā’ib'' Jurays joined this expedition. The army left the court of Cairo on Tuesday 8 Shawwāl 688 [25 October 1289 A.D.]. More than five hundred boats, small and large, including flame-throwing boats (''ḥarārīq''), and transport boats loaded with coats of mail, supplies and equipment, sailed with the expeditionary force. When the army arrived at the frontier town of Aswān, the Regent of Nubia, sent by al-Malik al-Manṣūr to accompany the army, died and was buried at Aswān. The emir ‘Izz ad-dīn Afram informed the Sultan, who sent one of the sons of king Dāwūd's sister - a man who was- at the Sultan's court - and nominated him King of Nubia. This man took post horses and reached the army before it left Aswān. After his arrival there, the army divided, as usual, into two expeditionary forces. The emir 'Izz ad-dīn al-Afram with the emir Sayf ad-dīn Qipjāq and one half of the army and one half of the Arabs marched along the west bank, the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aydemer, governor of Qōs with the emir Sayf ad-dīn Boktemer al-Jūkandār and the other half of the army and Arabs, along the east bank. '''[p. 544]''' They directed al-Jurays, the ''nā’ib'' of Nubia, to go ahead of them, station by station, accompanied by Awlād al-Kanz emir of Aswan, in order to restore the confidence of the population, give them safe-conduct and prepare the halting places for the army. Whenever the army arrived at a village (''balad''), the old men (''mashā'ikh'') and the prominent villagers (''a'yān'') came to meet them, kissed the ground before the emirs and were given safe-conduct, after which they settled in the village. This was done in all villages between Daw and the inlands of Mikā'īl- which is the territory under the jurisdiction of Jurays the Lord of the Mountain. In the rest of the country, which was not under the jurisdiction of Jurays, the population fled in obedience to the order of the Regent of Nubia. There the array plundered whatever they could carry off, killed all the natives who had remained behind, pastured the horses in the cultivated fields, burnt the sāqiyas and the houses as far as Dunqula. Here they realized that the king had left and had also evacuated the population. The emirs found only one old man and an old woman whom they questioned about the king. They answered: "He has gone to an island fifteen days from Dunqula the island itself is three days' journey in width." The emir ‘Izz ad-dīn governor of Qōs with his men immediately left for the said island, but no ''ḥarrāqa'' boat, nor any other boat accompanied him because of the many rocks in the river. We shall describe the rest of the story later. (Beirut VIII, p. 82).

	'''[p. 545]''' [An Account of What Happened to the Egyptian Army in Nubia; The Enthronement of the Son of the Sister of Dāwūd and Other Events After the Return of the Army to Egypt]		'''[p. 545]''' [An Account of What Happened to the Egyptian Army in Nubia; The Enthronement of the Son of the Sister of Dāwūd and Other Events After the Return of the Army to Egypt]

Seignobos at 13:02, 6 March 2015

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	A long time after this, Shams ad-Dawla Tūrānshāh b. Ayyūb Shādhī b. Marwān, the brother of al-Malik an-Nāṣir Saladin Yūsuf b. Najm ad-dīn Ayyūb, raided it, precisely in the year 568 H. [1172 A.D.]; he went only as far as Ibrīm. All these [campaigns] were just raids, the real conquest (''fatḥ'') being that which took place in the time of al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-dīn Baybars as-Sālihī, in this year [1275 A.D.] - which we are going to narrate.		A long time after this, Shams ad-Dawla Tūrānshāh b. Ayyūb Shādhī b. Marwān, the brother of al-Malik an-Nāṣir Saladin Yūsuf b. Najm ad-dīn Ayyūb, raided it, precisely in the year 568 H. [1172 A.D.]; he went only as far as Ibrīm. All these [campaigns] were just raids, the real conquest (''fatḥ'') being that which took place in the time of al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-dīn Baybars as-Sālihī, in this year [1275 A.D.] - which we are going to narrate.

	... The cause for the invasion of Nubia, in that year [674 H./1275 A.D.] was that Dāwūd, the Regent (''mutamallik'') of Nubia had become exceedingly wicked in his deeds: he went on a raid up to near Aswan and burnt the sāqiyas; some time before he had raided 'Aydhāb. The governor (''wālī'') of Qōs hastened to Aswān, but could not catch him; he, however, defeated his (king Dāwūd's) representative (''nā'ib'') who bore the title of "Lord of the Mountain",<ref>Ibn al-Furāt’s text consistently has “''ṣāḥib al-khayl''” (Lord of the Horse), but this is surely a misreading for “''ṣāḥib al-jabāl''” (Lord of the Mountain).</ref> captured him and his men and sent them to the Citadel. When the Sultan returned from Syria to Egypt he ordered the Lord of the Mountain and his men to be cut in the middle ["quartered"].		... The cause for the invasion of Nubia, in that year [674 H./1275 A.D.] was that Dāwūd, the Regent (''mutamallik'') of Nubia had become exceedingly wicked in his deeds: he went on a raid up to near Aswan and burnt the sāqiyas; some time before he had raided 'Aydhāb. The governor (''wālī'') of Qōs hastened to Aswān, but could not catch him; he, however, defeated his [king Dāwūd's] representative (''nā'ib'') who bore the title of "Lord of the Mountain",<ref>Ibn al-Furāt’s text consistently has “''ṣāḥib al-khayl''” (Lord of the Horse), but this is surely a misreading for “''ṣāḥib al-jabāl''” (Lord of the Mountain).</ref> captured him and his men and sent them to the Citadel. When the Sultan returned from Syria to Egypt he ordered the Lord of the Mountain and his men to be cut in the middle ["quartered"].

	'''[p. 531]''' [Meantime] The son of the sister of the Nubian king ''MRTSKR'' (tentative reading Murtashkur),<ref>Cf. Nuwayrī [q.v.].</ref> whom Dāwūd had dispossessed of the kingdom and whose name was ''MSKD'', or, according to others, ''Sakanda'', came [to Cairo] complaining about his cousin (''ibn 'amm'') Dāwūd. He told the Sultan that [the right of accession to] the kingdom belonged only to him, to the exclusion of anyone else. The Sultan sent the emir Shams ad-din Aqsonqor al-Fāriqānī, the ''ustād ad-dār'', and the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aybek al-Afram, the emir ''jandār'', with an army consisting of soldiers of the regular army (''ʿaskar''), soldiers of the fisc (''ajnād'')<ref>''Ajnād'' = soldiers in charge of levying the tribute.</ref> of the provinces (''wilāyāt'') and nomads (''ʿurbān'') of Upper Egypt. He added (a detachment of) grenadiers (''zarārīq'') artillery (''rumāt'') and flame-throwers (''rijāl al-ḥarārīq''), and coats of mail (''zardakhānāt''), and ''MSKD'' to accompany the expedition. The Sultan ordered them, as soon as they conquered the country to hand it over to him (''MSKD''). They set out on the march on the 1st day of Sha'bān of this year [20 January 1276 A.D.].		'''[p. 531]''' [Meantime] The son of the sister of the Nubian king ''MRTSKR'' (tentative reading Murtashkur),<ref>Cf. Nuwayrī [q.v.].</ref> whom Dāwūd had dispossessed of the kingdom and whose name was ''MSKD'', or, according to others, ''Sakanda'', came [to Cairo] complaining about his cousin (''ibn 'amm'') Dāwūd. He told the Sultan that [the right of accession to] the kingdom belonged only to him, to the exclusion of anyone else. The Sultan sent the emir Shams ad-din Aqsonqor al-Fāriqānī, the ''ustād ad-dār'', and the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aybek al-Afram, the emir ''jandār'', with an army consisting of soldiers of the regular army (''ʿaskar''), soldiers of the fisc (''ajnād'')<ref>''Ajnād'' = soldiers in charge of levying the tribute.</ref> of the provinces (''wilāyāt'') and nomads (''ʿurbān'') of Upper Egypt. He added (a detachment of) grenadiers (''zarārīq'') artillery (''rumāt'') and flame-throwers (''rijāl al-ḥarārīq''), and coats of mail (''zardakhānāt''), and ''MSKD'' to accompany the expedition. The Sultan ordered them, as soon as they conquered the country to hand it over to him (''MSKD''). They set out on the march on the 1st day of Sha'bān of this year [20 January 1276 A.D.].

Seignobos at 10:20, 24 February 2015

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	''(1334-1405 A.D.)''		''(1334-1405 A.D.)''

	''Nāṣir ad-dīn Muḥ. A. Raḥīm al-~~miṣrī~~ Ibn al-Furāt, An Egyptian Historian.''		''Nāṣir ad-dīn Muḥ. A. Raḥīm al-Miṣrī Ibn al-Furāt, An Egyptian Historian.''

	''EI (s.v.); GAL 2, 50 Ta'rīkh ad-duwal wa-l-mulūk''		''EI (s.v.); GAL 2, 50 ''Ta'rīkh ad-duwal wa-l-mulūk'' ''

	''Ed.: C. Ruzayq, ''Ta'rīkh Ibn al-Furāt'', 9 vols., Beirut 1936-42.''		''Ed.: C. Ruzayq, ''Ta'rīkh Ibn al-Furāt'', 9 vols., Beirut 1936-42.''
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	Their country is the largest of all; it is more powerful because of the number of inhabitants and it is the longest as it stretches across [several] Climates.		Their country is the largest of all; it is more powerful because of the number of inhabitants and it is the longest as it stretches across [several] Climates.

	The Church of ''Isūs'' (? Osus) was pulled down. It was the one about which Dāwūd boasted that it reminded him what he had to do. This Dāwūd had built, with the labour of the Moslems, a place (''makan'') which he called "'Aydhāb": it consisted of houses, churches and a square in which he had portrayed the Moslems whom he had slain at ‘Aydhāb or taken prisoner at Aswān. These paintings were erased and the walls were pulled down. It was imposed (on ''MShKD'') that he should hand over to the Sultan the private property of king Dāwūd and of his relatives, in slaves (''raqīq''), and cloth (''qumāsh''). The emir found some Nubian princes (''umarāʾ'') who were the seed of the rebellion in the country; they were twenty in number; he had them all mutilated in the nose (''jada'a-hum''). He freed the prisoners seized at 'Aydhāb and Aswān, accompanied them and helped them to go back home. He also obliged ''MShKD'' to free any other prisoner .who had been withheld. Then he crowned ''MShKD'' with the crown of the kingdom (''tāj al-mamlaka'') according to their custom, and enthroned him in place of king Dāwūd. This is the formula of the oath which ''MShKD'' took.<ref>There follow the two formulas of oath. As the text is identical with that of Nuwayrī [q.v.], they have been omitted here.</ref>		The Church of ''Isūs'' (? Osus) was pulled down. It was the one about which Dāwūd boasted that it reminded him what he had to do. This Dāwūd had built, with the labour of the Moslems, a place (''makan'') which he called "'Aydhāb": it consisted of houses, churches and a square in which he had portrayed the Moslems whom he had slain at ‘Aydhāb or taken prisoner at Aswān. These paintings were erased and the walls were pulled down. It was imposed [on ''MShKD''] that he should hand over to the Sultan the private property of king Dāwūd and of his relatives, in slaves (''raqīq''), and cloth (''qumāsh''). The emir found some Nubian princes (''umarāʾ'') who were the seed of the rebellion in the country; they were twenty in number; he had them all mutilated in the nose (''jada'a-hum''). He freed the prisoners seized at 'Aydhāb and Aswān, accompanied them and helped them to go back home. He also obliged ''MShKD'' to free any other prisoner .who had been withheld. Then he crowned ''MShKD'' with the crown of the kingdom (''tāj al-mamlaka'') according to their custom, and enthroned him in place of king Dāwūd. This is the formula of the oath which ''MShKD'' took.<ref>There follow the two formulas of oath. As the text is identical with that of Nuwayrī [q.v.], they have been omitted here.</ref>

	... The above<ref>Mentioned in the oath.</ref> is the tribute imposed on the king on the occasion of the conquest (''fatḥ''). The ''baqṭ'', which '''[p. 535]''' is a fixed amount to be paid by the Nūba every year, was imposed on them long before, in the days of 'Alī b. Aḥmad aṣ-Ṣarfaynī, and consisted of 400 slaves and one giraffe; the slaves were to be distributed as follows: 360 to the Commandant of the Faithful and 40 to the Governor (''nā’ib'') of Egypt. As counterpart, according to the old tradition, the messengers of the Nubian king received, - on delivery of the whole amount of the ''baqṭ'' - 1,300 ardeb of wheat, of which 300 were for them.		... The above<ref>Mentioned in the oath.</ref> is the tribute imposed on the king on the occasion of the conquest (''fatḥ''). The ''baqṭ'', which '''[p. 535]''' is a fixed amount to be paid by the Nūba every year, was imposed on them long before, in the days of 'Alī b. Aḥmad aṣ-Ṣarfaynī, and consisted of 400 slaves and one giraffe; the slaves were to be distributed as follows: 360 to the Commandant of the Faithful and 40 to the Governor (''nā’ib'') of Egypt. As counterpart, according to the old tradition, the messengers of the Nubian king received, - on delivery of the whole amount of the ''baqṭ'' - 1,300 ardeb of wheat, of which 300 were for them.
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	As for the Beja, their country is contiguous to Nubia; their king, called "''al-Ḥadrabī''", is recognised as the supreme chief (''khalīfa'') of the ''Sūdān''. In the time of al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-dīn Baybars the Sultan of Egypt, the Beja king was Bā(?)T(?)KS<ref>No diacritic dots in the original; many different readings are possible.</ref> and was called Ṣārim ad-dīn: he was the ''khalīfa'' of the ''Sūdān'', according to what they claim.		As for the Beja, their country is contiguous to Nubia; their king, called "''al-Ḥadrabī''", is recognised as the supreme chief (''khalīfa'') of the ''Sūdān''. In the time of al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-dīn Baybars the Sultan of Egypt, the Beja king was Bā(?)T(?)KS<ref>No diacritic dots in the original; many different readings are possible.</ref> and was called Ṣārim ad-dīn: he was the ''khalīfa'' of the ''Sūdān'', according to what they claim.

	The Commandant of the Faithful al-Mutawakkil ‘alā Allah the Abbasid ordered his representative in Egypt to invade the Beja: the army arrived at 'Aydhāb and the boats, too, which were on the Red Sea, landed there; the army marched up to one of the Beja's strongholds (''qal’a munāhiḍā''). The Beja king (''al-bujāwī'') went out against them, mounted on camels (''~~ibl~~'') girt with straps. The chief (''nā’ib'') of the Moslem army noticed that and planned a stratagem: he had bells tied to the necks of the horses. When the camels heard the sound of the bells they '''[p. 536]''' fled in utter confusion. The Beja king was killed, the son of his brother took over and asked for a truce (''hudna''). The Commandant of the Faithful refused saying: I shall not grant it, until he will tread on my carpet. The Beja king went to see him and when he arrived at Surra-man-rā'a a peace treaty was made in the year 241 H. [= 555 A.D.] on condition that the Beja should give the ''baqṭ''. They complied with this condition. Al-Mutawakkil also put among the conditions that the Beja should not prevent the Moslems from working in the gold mine.		The Commandant of the Faithful al-Mutawakkil ‘alā Allah the Abbasid ordered his representative in Egypt to invade the Beja: the army arrived at 'Aydhāb and the boats, too, which were on the Red Sea, landed there; the army marched up to one of the Beja's strongholds (''qal’a munāhiḍā''). The Beja king (''al-bujāwī'') went out against them, mounted on camels (''ibil'') girt with straps. The chief (''nā’ib'') of the Moslem army noticed that and planned a stratagem: he had bells tied to the necks of the horses. When the camels heard the sound of the bells they '''[p. 536]''' fled in utter confusion. The Beja king was killed, the son of his brother took over and asked for a truce (''hudna''). The Commandant of the Faithful refused saying: I shall not grant it, until he will tread on my carpet. The Beja king went to see him and when he arrived at Surra-man-rā'a a peace treaty was made in the year 241 H. [= 555 A.D.] on condition that the Beja should give the ''baqṭ''. They complied with this condition. Al-Mutawakkil also put among the conditions that the Beja should not prevent the Moslems from working in the gold mine.

	The emirs who conquered Nubia in that year [1276 A.D.] and pulled down the church of ''Sūs'' (Isus) - as we have already mentioned - found gold crosses and other objects amounting to 4640 1/2 dinars and silver vessels amounting to 8660 dinars. Our author (''ṣāḥib'') the emir Ṣārim ad-dīn Ibrāhīm, better known as Ibn Duqmāq,<ref>Ibn Duqmāq’s history work is still unpublished.</ref> said: The Nubians who were slain were a great number and those who were made prisoner were an even greater number, so that a slave was sold for three dirhams, and those who remained after the massacre and the sale were ten thousand. This is what he said.		The emirs who conquered Nubia in that year [1276 A.D.] and pulled down the church of ''Sūs'' (Isus) - as we have already mentioned - found gold crosses and other objects amounting to 4640 1/2 dinars and silver vessels amounting to 8660 dinars. Our author (''ṣāḥib'') the emir Ṣārim ad-dīn Ibrāhīm, better known as Ibn Duqmāq,<ref>Ibn Duqmāq’s history work is still unpublished.</ref> said: The Nubians who were slain were a great number and those who were made prisoner were an even greater number, so that a slave was sold for three dirhams, and those who remained after the massacre and the sale were ten thousand. This is what he said.

	The Egyptian army (''al-'askar al-miṣrī'') stayed at Dunqula for 17 days until the situation became quiet in that country. The Sultan ordered the army to return to Cairo, the emirs to come by boat taking with them the captives, the soldiers to break into groups [and arrive overland]. The emir Shams ad-dīn, the ''~~ustād~~ ad-dār'', and the emir 'Izz ad-dīn returned and the army arrived safely at Cairo, loaded with spoils. On the 5th Dhū-l-Hijja of that year [21 May 1276 A.D.] the emirs Shams ad-dīn and 'Izz ad-dīn had an audience with the Sultan al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir, '''[p. 537]''' at which the brother of king Dāwūd, the captive, was present. The Sultan thanked the emirs for their endeavours and bestowed on them robes of honour.		The Egyptian army (''al-'askar al-miṣrī'') stayed at Dunqula for 17 days until the situation became quiet in that country. The Sultan ordered the army to return to Cairo, the emirs to come by boat taking with them the captives, the soldiers to break into groups [and arrive overland]. The emir Shams ad-dīn, the ''ustāḍ ad-dār'', and the emir 'Izz ad-dīn returned and the army arrived safely at Cairo, loaded with spoils. On the 5th Dhū-l-Hijja of that year [21 May 1276 A.D.] the emirs Shams ad-dīn and 'Izz ad-dīn had an audience with the Sultan al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir, '''[p. 537]''' at which the brother of king Dāwūd, the captive, was present. The Sultan thanked the emirs for their endeavours and bestowed on them robes of honour.

	As for the fate of king Dāwūd, our source (''ṣāḥib'') the emir Ṣārim ad-dīn Ibrāhīm Ibn Duqmāq, related approximately what follows: King Dāwūd, after his defeat by the [Egyptian] emirs, crossed the river to the west bank and escaped during the night to some strongholds (''ḥuṣūn''); no sooner had the news come to the emir ‘Izz ad-dīn al-Afram and the emir Shams ad-dīn al-Fāriqānī, than they mounted [on horses] together with the soldiers they had with them and marched in pursuit for three days, relentlessly day and night. Dāwūd, feeling that they were on his trail, abandoned his mother, his sister and the children of his brother; he and his son [alone] had a narrow escape. The emirs captured his women and on their return to Dunqula, they remained until they declared ''ash-Shakanda'' king [of Nubia] and established him on the throne. They held discussions<ref> Ar. “''qarrarū''”, which means “compelled [him] to acknowledge” or “they ascertained”, “wrote a statement”.</ref> with Kashi<ref>Cf. note 7.</ref> the lord of the Country of the Mountain to the effect that Daw and Ibrīm - the two strong-holds near Aswān, at seven days’ distance [from Aswān] — belong to the Sultan as private property, and they invested him with the authority of Representative of the Sultan. Then they returned to Cairo.		As for the fate of king Dāwūd, our source (''ṣāḥib'') the emir Ṣārim ad-dīn Ibrāhīm Ibn Duqmāq, related approximately what follows: King Dāwūd, after his defeat by the [Egyptian] emirs, crossed the river to the west bank and escaped during the night to some strongholds (''ḥuṣūn''); no sooner had the news come to the emir ‘Izz ad-dīn al-Afram and the emir Shams ad-dīn al-Fāriqānī, than they mounted [on horses] together with the soldiers they had with them and marched in pursuit for three days, relentlessly day and night. Dāwūd, feeling that they were on his trail, abandoned his mother, his sister and the children of his brother; he and his son [alone] had a narrow escape. The emirs captured his women and on their return to Dunqula, they remained until they declared ''ash-Shakanda'' king [of Nubia] and established him on the throne. They held discussions<ref> Ar. “''qarrarū''”, which means “compelled [him] to acknowledge” or “they ascertained”, “wrote a statement”.</ref> with Kashi<ref>Cf. note 7.</ref> the lord of the Country of the Mountain to the effect that Daw and Ibrīm - the two strong-holds near Aswān, at seven days’ distance [from Aswān] — belong to the Sultan as private property, and they invested him with the authority of Representative of the Sultan. Then they returned to Cairo.
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	[A Biographical Note on:]		[A Biographical Note on:]

	Aqsonqor 'Abdalla al-Fāriqānī... Under the Sultan Baybars he was promoted ''~~ustād~~ dār''. Deputy (to the Sultan) to act during his absence and was also appointed commandant-in-chief of the any.		Aqsonqor 'Abdalla al-Fāriqānī... Under the Sultan Baybars he was promoted ''ustāḍ dār''. Deputy [to the Sultan] to act during his absence and was also appointed commandant-in-chief of the any.

	... As-Dafadī wrote about him: I think he is the one who was sent to raid Nubia and conquered it.		... As-Dafadī wrote about him: I think he is the one who was sent to raid Nubia and conquered it.

Adam Simmons at 18:23, 22 February 2015

2015-02-22T18:23:43Z

Show changes

Adam Simmons at 17:18, 20 February 2015

2015-02-20T17:18:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:18, 20 February 2015
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	IBN AL-FURĀT		IBN AL-FURĀT

	(1334-1405 A.D.)		''(1334-1405 A.D.)''

			''Nāṣir ad-dīn Muḥ. A. Raḥīm al-miṣrī Ibn al-Furāt, An Egyptian Historian.''

	~~Nāṣir~~ ad-~~dīn Muḥ. A. Raḥīm al~~-~~miṣrī Ibn al~~-~~Furāt, An Egyptian Historian.~~		''EI (s.v.); GAL 2, 50 Ta'rīkh ad-duwal wa-l-mulūk''

	~~EI (s~~.v.~~); GAL 2~~, 50 Ta'rīkh ad-~~duwal wa~~-~~l-mulūk~~		''Ed.: C. Ruzayq, ''Ta'rīkh Ibn al-Furāt'', 9 vols., Beirut 1936-42.''

	Ed.: ~~C. Ruzayq,~~ '~~'Ta'rīkh Ibn al~~-~~Furāt~~''~~, 9 vols., Beirut 1936-42.~~		''Exc.: Mus'ad 258-274.''

	~~Exc~~.: ~~Mus~~'~~ad 258-274.~~		''T.: Beirut A:0''

	~~T.: Beirut A:0~~

	[Stories about the Invasions in Nubia]		[Stories about the Invasions in Nubia]

Adam Simmons at 13:32, 10 February 2015

2015-02-10T13:32:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:32, 10 February 2015
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	The regent (''mutamallik'') of Nubia at that time was one called Simāmūn (Samāmūn), a man more courageous and skilful than his equals. When the army arrived at the Nubian borders, Simāmūn evacuated the country and sent directives to his ''nā’ib'' in the island of Mikā’īl and the district or Daw (''ʿamal Daw''); the title of" the governor of this province (''wilāya'') in Nubia is "Lord of the Mountain". Simāmūn ordered him to evacuate the country under his jurisdiction as the army advanced. The countrymen withdrew before the army, station after station, until they joined the Regent of Nubia at Dunqula. The Regent stayed there until the arrival of the emir ’Izz ad-dīn '''[p. 541]''' with his army; then they fought a field battle in which Simāmūn was defeated and many or his men were killed while, on the Moslem side, only a few died (''istashhada'') (for God's sake). Simāmūn, beaten on the field, took to flight while the army pursued him for fifteen days beyond Dunqula. The army caught up with Jurays and seized him and the Regent’s cousin (''Ibn Khāla'' = son of the maternal aunt), who was one of the leading princes and had the right of succession to the throne. The emir 'Izz ad-dīn enthroned the son of the king's sister and appointed Jurays as his Representative (''nā'ib''), and assigned to them a detachment of the regular army to remain with them (as body-guard). Then he fixed the tax (''qatī'a'') which the two of them were to bring to the Sultan's court every year. The army returned carrying off a booty of slaves, horses, camels and clothes. We shall narrate the remainder of the story later. (Beirut VIII, pp. 52 - 53).		The regent (''mutamallik'') of Nubia at that time was one called Simāmūn (Samāmūn), a man more courageous and skilful than his equals. When the army arrived at the Nubian borders, Simāmūn evacuated the country and sent directives to his ''nā’ib'' in the island of Mikā’īl and the district or Daw (''ʿamal Daw''); the title of" the governor of this province (''wilāya'') in Nubia is "Lord of the Mountain". Simāmūn ordered him to evacuate the country under his jurisdiction as the army advanced. The countrymen withdrew before the army, station after station, until they joined the Regent of Nubia at Dunqula. The Regent stayed there until the arrival of the emir ’Izz ad-dīn '''[p. 541]''' with his army; then they fought a field battle in which Simāmūn was defeated and many or his men were killed while, on the Moslem side, only a few died (''istashhada'') (for God's sake). Simāmūn, beaten on the field, took to flight while the army pursued him for fifteen days beyond Dunqula. The army caught up with Jurays and seized him and the Regent’s cousin (''Ibn Khāla'' = son of the maternal aunt), who was one of the leading princes and had the right of succession to the throne. The emir 'Izz ad-dīn enthroned the son of the king's sister and appointed Jurays as his Representative (''nā'ib''), and assigned to them a detachment of the regular army to remain with them (as body-guard). Then he fixed the tax (''qatī'a'') which the two of them were to bring to the Sultan's court every year. The army returned carrying off a booty of slaves, horses, camels and clothes. We shall narrate the remainder of the story later. (Beirut VIII, pp. 52 - 53).

	On the 9th of Rajab of this year (10 August 1288 A.D.) the emir 'Alam ad-dīn Sanjar al-Masrūrī and his expeditionary force arrived from Dunqula at the court on the Citadel of Cairo. He brought with him the kings (''mulūk'') of Nubia, their women (''ḥarīm'') and their (kings') crowns: it really was a wonderful day! The emir 'Izz ad-dīn briefed the Sultan telling him that they had conquered (''malakū'') the countries of Daw and Nubia and all those places (''amākin''), killing or taking prisoner the natives. They (emirs) presented the Sultan with a great number of prisoners; the Sultan took some to send to his private farms and houses, the others he distributed to the emirs. Emirs and soldiers exchanged gifts of prisoners; more prisoners were sold and their price was so cheap that the common people had some of them. The Sultan bestowed on the emir 'Alam ad-dīn Sanjar al-Masrūrī the insignia of '''[p. 542]''' ''wālī ~~Mahmandā~~''<ref>~~Mahmandā~~, the officer in charge of receiving the guests.</ref> in place of the emir Sharaf ad-dīn the commander who had been sent to Alexandria as interim governor until a new one was appointed there in place of the emir Ḥisām ad-dīn, son of the emir Shams ad-dīn b. Bākhil, who had been arrested - his property and his women and his retinue being then transferred to Cairo. The foregoing has been referred to the emirs.		On the 9th of Rajab of this year (10 August 1288 A.D.) the emir 'Alam ad-dīn Sanjar al-Masrūrī and his expeditionary force arrived from Dunqula at the court on the Citadel of Cairo. He brought with him the kings (''mulūk'') of Nubia, their women (''ḥarīm'') and their (kings') crowns: it really was a wonderful day! The emir 'Izz ad-dīn briefed the Sultan telling him that they had conquered (''malakū'') the countries of Daw and Nubia and all those places (''amākin''), killing or taking prisoner the natives. They (emirs) presented the Sultan with a great number of prisoners; the Sultan took some to send to his private farms and houses, the others he distributed to the emirs. Emirs and soldiers exchanged gifts of prisoners; more prisoners were sold and their price was so cheap that the common people had some of them. The Sultan bestowed on the emir 'Alam ad-dīn Sanjar al-Masrūrī the insignia of '''[p. 542]''' ''wālī Mahmandār''<ref>Mahmandār, the officer in charge of receiving the guests.</ref> in place of the emir Sharaf ad-dīn the commander who had been sent to Alexandria as interim governor until a new one was appointed there in place of the emir Ḥisām ad-dīn, son of the emir Shams ad-dīn b. Bākhil, who had been arrested - his property and his women and his retinue being then transferred to Cairo. The foregoing has been referred to the emirs.

	As for Simāmūn, king of Nubia, after the army left Nubia - as already mentioned - and after he made sure of the return of the army (to Egypt) he went back to Dunqula, fought the garrison which had been left there and defeated it, and eventually took the kingdom over gain. The king who had been appointed by the Sultan fled to Cairo accompanied by Jurays and the garrison; they told (the Sultan) what Simāmūn had done. The Sultan al-Malik al-Manṣūr was furious: he ordered that a corps of cavalry (''jarīda'') be ready to march on Nubia - as we shall describe in due time. (Beirut VIII, p. 6S).		As for Simāmūn, king of Nubia, after the army left Nubia - as already mentioned - and after he made sure of the return of the army (to Egypt) he went back to Dunqula, fought the garrison which had been left there and defeated it, and eventually took the kingdom over gain. The king who had been appointed by the Sultan fled to Cairo accompanied by Jurays and the garrison; they told (the Sultan) what Simāmūn had done. The Sultan al-Malik al-Manṣūr was furious: he ordered that a corps of cavalry (''jarīda'') be ready to march on Nubia - as we shall describe in due time. (Beirut VIII, p. 6S).
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	We have already mentioned that the king of Nubia, after he had made sure of the return of the Egyptian army, to Cairo, went back to Dunqula, expelled the king enthroned by the emir ‘Alam ad-dīn al-Khayyāt and recaptured the whole country. The king who had been appointee by the Sultan came to the Court for talks with the Sultan.		We have already mentioned that the king of Nubia, after he had made sure of the return of the Egyptian army, to Cairo, went back to Dunqula, expelled the king enthroned by the emir ‘Alam ad-dīn al-Khayyāt and recaptured the whole country. The king who had been appointee by the Sultan came to the Court for talks with the Sultan.

	In this year (688 H./1289 A.D.) al-Malik al-Manṣūr despatched to Nubia the emir ’Izz ad-dīn Aybek al-Afram, '''[p. 543]''' the emir ''Jandār'', with an expeditionary force which consisted of (troops of) the emir Sayf ad-dīn Qipjāq al-Manṣūrī, the emir Sayf ad-dīn Boktemer the Jūkandār and the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aydemer governor of Qōs. He also gave them some corps (''atlāb'') chosen from the troops of the emirs: a corps (''ṭilb'') of the emir ~~Tayn~~ ad-dīn Ketbogha al-Manṣūrī, one from the emir Sayf ad-dīn Bahāder the chief of the ''jamdāriyya'' guards (''nawba''), one from the emir 'Alā' ad-dīn aṭ-Ṭaybarsī, one from the emir Shams ad-dīn Sonqor aṭ-Ṭawīl and the remainder from the soldiers (''ajnād'') of the southern districts and the deputy-governors (''nuwwāb al-wulāt''). He added a force of forty thousand foot soldiers, taken from the bedouin troops in Egypt, both North and South. The regent of Nubia and his ''nā’ib'' Jurays joined this expedition. The army left the court of Cairo on Tuesday 8 Shawwāl 668 (25 October 1289 A.D.). More than five hundred boats, small and large, including flame-throwing boats (''ḥarārīq''), and transport boats loaded with coats of mail, supplies and equipment, sailed with the expeditionary force. When the army arrived at the frontier town of Aswān, the Regent of Nubia, sent by al-Malik al-Manṣūr to accompany the army, died and was buried at Aswān. The emir ‘Izz ad-dīn Afram informed the Sultan, who sent one of the sons of king Dāwūd's sister - a man who was- at the Sultan's court - and nominated him King of Nubia. This man took post horses and reached the army before it left Aswān. After his arrival there, the army divided, as usual, into two expeditionary forces. The emir 'Izz ad-dīn al-Afram with the emir Sayf ad-dīn Qipjāq and one half of the army and one half of the Arabs marched along the west bank, the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aydemer, governor of Qōs with the emir Sayf ad-dīn Boktemer al-Jūkandār and the other half of the army and Arabs, along the east bank. '''[p. 544]''' They directed al-Jurays, the ''nā’ib'' of Nubia, to go ahead of them, station by station, accompanied by Awlād al-Kanz emir of Aswan, in order to restore the confidence of the population, give them safe-conduct and prepare the halting places for the army. Whenever the army arrived at a village (''balad''), the old men (''mashā'ikh'') and the prominent villagers (''a'yān'') came to meet them, kissed the ground before the emirs and were given safe-conduct, after which they settled in the village. This was done in all villages between Daw and the inlands of Mikā'īl- which is the territory under the jurisdiction of Jurays the Lord of the Mountain. In the rest of the country, which was not under the jurisdiction of Jurays, the population fled in obedience to the order of the Regent of Nubia. There the array plundered whatever they could carry off, killed all the natives who had remained behind, pastured the horses in the cultivated fields, burnt the sāqiyas and the houses as far as Dunqula. Here they realized that the king had left and had also evacuated the population. The emirs found only one old man and an old woman whom they questioned about the king. They answered: "He has gone to an island fifteen days from Dunqula the island itself is three days' journey in width." The emir ‘Izz ad-dīn governor of Qōs with his men immediately left for the said island, but no ''ḥarrāqa'' boat, nor any other boat accompanied him because of the many rocks in the river. We shall describe the rest of the story later. (Beirut VIII, p. 82).		In this year (688 H./1289 A.D.) al-Malik al-Manṣūr despatched to Nubia the emir ’Izz ad-dīn Aybek al-Afram, '''[p. 543]''' the emir ''Jandār'', with an expeditionary force which consisted of (troops of) the emir Sayf ad-dīn Qipjāq al-Manṣūrī, the emir Sayf ad-dīn Boktemer the Jūkandār and the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aydemer governor of Qōs. He also gave them some corps (''atlāb'') chosen from the troops of the emirs: a corps (''ṭilb'') of the emir Zayn ad-dīn Ketbogha al-Manṣūrī, one from the emir Sayf ad-dīn Bahāder the chief of the ''jamdāriyya'' guards (''nawba''), one from the emir 'Alā' ad-dīn aṭ-Ṭaybarsī, one from the emir Shams ad-dīn Sonqor aṭ-Ṭawīl and the remainder from the soldiers (''ajnād'') of the southern districts and the deputy-governors (''nuwwāb al-wulāt''). He added a force of forty thousand foot soldiers, taken from the bedouin troops in Egypt, both North and South. The regent of Nubia and his ''nā’ib'' Jurays joined this expedition. The army left the court of Cairo on Tuesday 8 Shawwāl 668 (25 October 1289 A.D.). More than five hundred boats, small and large, including flame-throwing boats (''ḥarārīq''), and transport boats loaded with coats of mail, supplies and equipment, sailed with the expeditionary force. When the army arrived at the frontier town of Aswān, the Regent of Nubia, sent by al-Malik al-Manṣūr to accompany the army, died and was buried at Aswān. The emir ‘Izz ad-dīn Afram informed the Sultan, who sent one of the sons of king Dāwūd's sister - a man who was- at the Sultan's court - and nominated him King of Nubia. This man took post horses and reached the army before it left Aswān. After his arrival there, the army divided, as usual, into two expeditionary forces. The emir 'Izz ad-dīn al-Afram with the emir Sayf ad-dīn Qipjāq and one half of the army and one half of the Arabs marched along the west bank, the emir 'Izz ad-dīn Aydemer, governor of Qōs with the emir Sayf ad-dīn Boktemer al-Jūkandār and the other half of the army and Arabs, along the east bank. '''[p. 544]''' They directed al-Jurays, the ''nā’ib'' of Nubia, to go ahead of them, station by station, accompanied by Awlād al-Kanz emir of Aswan, in order to restore the confidence of the population, give them safe-conduct and prepare the halting places for the army. Whenever the army arrived at a village (''balad''), the old men (''mashā'ikh'') and the prominent villagers (''a'yān'') came to meet them, kissed the ground before the emirs and were given safe-conduct, after which they settled in the village. This was done in all villages between Daw and the inlands of Mikā'īl- which is the territory under the jurisdiction of Jurays the Lord of the Mountain. In the rest of the country, which was not under the jurisdiction of Jurays, the population fled in obedience to the order of the Regent of Nubia. There the array plundered whatever they could carry off, killed all the natives who had remained behind, pastured the horses in the cultivated fields, burnt the sāqiyas and the houses as far as Dunqula. Here they realized that the king had left and had also evacuated the population. The emirs found only one old man and an old woman whom they questioned about the king. They answered: "He has gone to an island fifteen days from Dunqula the island itself is three days' journey in width." The emir ‘Izz ad-dīn governor of Qōs with his men immediately left for the said island, but no ''ḥarrāqa'' boat, nor any other boat accompanied him because of the many rocks in the river. We shall describe the rest of the story later. (Beirut VIII, p. 82).

	'''[p. 545]''' [An Account of What Happened to the Egyptian Army in Nubia; The Enthronement of the Son of the Sister of Dāwūd and Other Events After the Return of the Army to Egypt]		'''[p. 545]''' [An Account of What Happened to the Egyptian Army in Nubia; The Enthronement of the Son of the Sister of Dāwūd and Other Events After the Return of the Army to Egypt]

Adam Simmons at 18:12, 9 February 2015

2015-02-09T18:12:02Z

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