http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Ibn_HawqalIbn Hawqal - Revision history2026-04-07T01:02:53ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.41.1http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4307&oldid=prevSeignobos at 11:59, 28 March 20152015-03-28T11:59:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[South of Egypt] there are the Nūba, Dunqula and 'Alwa (K-W, p. 8).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[South of Egypt] there are the Nūba, Dunqula and 'Alwa (K-W, p. 8).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The greatest empires on earth are four in number. The most prosperous and the richest in goods, where the conduct of the government, the preservation of wealth and abundance of revenues are also the best, is ... the empire of Iranshahr ... The second [= the Byzantine empire] extends up to the frontiers of the Slaves ... they are all Christians ... The third is the empire of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sin </del>... The fourth is the empire of al-Hind ... It includes ... several idolatrous peoples.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The greatest empires on earth are four in number. The most prosperous and the richest in goods, where the conduct of the government, the preservation of wealth and abundance of revenues are also the best, is ... the empire of Iranshahr ... The second [= the Byzantine empire] extends up to the frontiers of the Slaves ... they are all Christians ... The third is the empire of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sin </ins>... The fourth is the empire of al-Hind ... It includes ... several idolatrous peoples.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 150]''' I have not reckoned [among the empires] the Blacks of the Maghrib, nor the Buja, nor the Zanj, nor any other ethnical groups who live in those regions. In fact, whereas the firm structure of empires is based on religious beliefs, behaviour and wise institutions, and so it guarantees the preservation of wealth, those peoples possess none of these qualities but rather neglect them; therefore they do not even deserve being mentioned among such developed countries as the aforementioned empires.<ref>This passage is found in: ''Kitāb al-Masālik'', BGA II, p. 10, almost in the same words, with the following addition: These [four] famous kingdoms increased the empire of Islam, as some frontier provinces of the aforementioned kingdoms passed to Islam.</ref> Nevertheless, a few groups of Blacks (''Sūdān''), who live at the edge of those justly-famed empires, have acquired some religious knowledge, a disciplined life and wise institutions so that they resemble the peoples of those empires: such are the Nūba and the Ḥabasha, who are Christians and conform to the manners of life of the Rūm. Before the rise of Islam, they bordered on the Byzantine Empire, because the territory of the Nūba adjoins Egypt, while Ethiopia (''al-Ḥabasha'') lies on the coast of the Red Sea. Between these peoples and Egypt there are inhabited deserts, where gold mines are found. ... On the other side they are directly linked with Egypt and Syria by way of the Red Sea. (K-W, p. 10; BGA II, p. 9s).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 150]''' I have not reckoned [among the empires] the Blacks of the Maghrib, nor the Buja, nor the Zanj, nor any other ethnical groups who live in those regions. In fact, whereas the firm structure of empires is based on religious beliefs, behaviour and wise institutions, and so it guarantees the preservation of wealth, those peoples possess none of these qualities but rather neglect them; therefore they do not even deserve being mentioned among such developed countries as the aforementioned empires.<ref>This passage is found in: ''Kitāb al-Masālik'', BGA II, p. 10, almost in the same words, with the following addition: These [four] famous kingdoms increased the empire of Islam, as some frontier provinces of the aforementioned kingdoms passed to Islam.</ref> Nevertheless, a few groups of Blacks (''Sūdān''), who live at the edge of those justly-famed empires, have acquired some religious knowledge, a disciplined life and wise institutions so that they resemble the peoples of those empires: such are the Nūba and the Ḥabasha, who are Christians and conform to the manners of life of the Rūm. Before the rise of Islam, they bordered on the Byzantine Empire, because the territory of the Nūba adjoins Egypt, while Ethiopia (''al-Ḥabasha'') lies on the coast of the Red Sea. Between these peoples and Egypt there are inhabited deserts, where gold mines are found. ... On the other side they are directly linked with Egypt and Syria by way of the Red Sea. (K-W, p. 10; BGA II, p. 9s).</div></td></tr>
</table>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4306&oldid=prevSeignobos at 11:59, 28 March 20152015-03-28T11:59:18Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[The Aswān Cataract]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[The Aswān Cataract]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two places on the Nile which are called ''Janādil''. The one is situated three miles above Aswān, on the frontier of Islam. It is a mountain which was cut through in order to make a way to the water. The cut, however, has been left<ref>Probably an allusion to the legend of King Naqrāwūs [Pharaoh], who straightened the course of the Nile. Cf. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Magrīzī </del>[q.v.].</ref> so rough and steep that the water rushes between huge rocks and the boats cannot sail there because of the roughness of the place. Therefore, whenever cargoes arrive at this point, they are hauled overland till the nearest place after which the waterway is situated at three miles’ distance from the limit of the territory of Islam. The other is near '''[p. 168]''' Dunqula. The roar of the rushing water is heard miles away for one whole day and one night. (BGA II, p. 86).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two places on the Nile which are called ''Janādil''. The one is situated three miles above Aswān, on the frontier of Islam. It is a mountain which was cut through in order to make a way to the water. The cut, however, has been left<ref>Probably an allusion to the legend of King Naqrāwūs [Pharaoh], who straightened the course of the Nile. Cf. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Maqrīzī </ins>[q.v.].</ref> so rough and steep that the water rushes between huge rocks and the boats cannot sail there because of the roughness of the place. Therefore, whenever cargoes arrive at this point, they are hauled overland till the nearest place after which the waterway is situated at three miles’ distance from the limit of the territory of Islam. The other is near '''[p. 168]''' Dunqula. The roar of the rushing water is heard miles away for one whole day and one night. (BGA II, p. 86).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The town of Aswān was, in the past, a frontier-post against the Nūba: nowadays, they live under a truce agreement (''muhādanūn''). (BGA II, p. 87).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The town of Aswān was, in the past, a frontier-post against the Nūba: nowadays, they live under a truce agreement (''muhādanūn''). (BGA II, p. 87).</div></td></tr>
</table>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4305&oldid=prevSeignobos at 11:58, 28 March 20152015-03-28T11:58:23Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Al-Mutawakkil, informed about the incident, sent over a man called al-Qummī, who was a descendant from Abū Musā Ash-arī, and was, at that time, in jail for murder, without guarantor. The Caliph gave him the men and weapons he wanted, set him free and allowed him to choose whatever he deemed necessary.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Al-Mutawakkil, informed about the incident, sent over a man called al-Qummī, who was a descendant from Abū Musā Ash-arī, and was, at that time, in jail for murder, without guarantor. The Caliph gave him the men and weapons he wanted, set him free and allowed him to choose whatever he deemed necessary.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 157]''' Al-Qummī asked for one thousand men, of whom five hundred were horsemen, and ten thousand dinars as war treasury, which he was instructed to receive in Egypt. He left for Aswān, then for 'Allāqī. He recruited men among the Rabī'a, the Muḍr, and the Yaman, one thousand from each sub-tribe (''baṭn''). Qummī had an encounter with the Buja king (''malik''). 'Alī Bābā, who was at that time at the head of 200,000<ref>This figure seems grossly exaggerated [if referred to ‘Alī Bābā’s army]. Although all MSS of Ibn Hawqal give the figure, other historians have 20,000.</ref> men, with eighty thousand dromedaries. When the two armies stood face to face, the Muslims were frightened by that impressive sight. Qummī said to his men: "There is no escape! Fight for your lives and your honour and you will be victorious!" 'Alī Bābā wished to join battle with the Muslims at once, but night fell before his plan could be executed. Qummī had his camp protected by a line of iron barbed-wire entanglement (''husak'', "chevaux de frise"), the remains of which, together with the coffer of the war treasury (''al-khizāna''), may be seen at Aswān, even to nowadays. Qummī had some linen bands (''tawāmīr'') with words written in gold letters; he tied them to the spearheads in great numbers. At day-break he had this proclamation made: "You Buja troops! Here are some letters for you from the Prince of the Believers!" The Buja were ranged in order of battle; on seeing that, as they were curious, they left their ranks to come nearer. Qummī had the flags (''bunūd'') hoisted on the camels (''fawālij''), which were carrying the drums (''ṭubūl''). No sooner had the Buja drawn near the linen strips than the Zanj drums (''tubūl zanjiyya'') rolled. The Buja broke their ranks in utter confusion and began running into all directions. Because of this imprudence they all died, crushed by the hooves '''[p. 158]''' of their camels. They met either death or captivity. 'Alī Bābā was taken prisoner. He was standing on a hill surrounded by a defensive line, swearing that he would not move from that place until the hill itself would break down. After having captured him, Qummī took him prisoner and seized his treasure as spoils, then took him to Aswān, where he sold the whole booty for fifty ounces (''ūqiyya'') of gold (tibr). (K; pp. 52 - 54; K-W, pp. 50 - 52).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 157]''' Al-Qummī asked for one thousand men, of whom five hundred were horsemen, and ten thousand dinars as war treasury, which he was instructed to receive in Egypt. He left for Aswān, then for 'Allāqī. He recruited men among the Rabī'a, the Muḍr, and the Yaman, one thousand from each sub-tribe (''baṭn''). Qummī had an encounter with the Buja king (''malik''). 'Alī Bābā, who was at that time at the head of 200,000<ref>This figure seems grossly exaggerated [if referred to ‘Alī Bābā’s army]. Although all MSS of Ibn Hawqal give the figure, other historians have 20,000.</ref> men, with eighty thousand dromedaries. When the two armies stood face to face, the Muslims were frightened by that impressive sight. Qummī said to his men: "There is no escape! Fight for your lives and your honour and you will be victorious!" 'Alī Bābā wished to join battle with the Muslims at once, but night fell before his plan could be executed. Qummī had his camp protected by a line of iron barbed-wire entanglement (''husak'', "chevaux de frise"), the remains of which, together with the coffer of the war treasury (''al-khizāna''), may be seen at Aswān, even to nowadays. Qummī had some linen bands (''tawāmīr'') with words written in gold letters; he tied them to the spearheads in great numbers. At day-break he had this proclamation made: "You Buja troops! Here are some letters for you from the Prince of the Believers!" The Buja were ranged in order of battle; on seeing that, as they were curious, they left their ranks to come nearer. Qummī had the flags (''bunūd'') hoisted on the camels (''fawālij''), which were carrying the drums (''ṭubūl''). No sooner had the Buja drawn near the linen strips than the Zanj drums (''tubūl zanjiyya'') rolled. The Buja broke their ranks in utter confusion and began running into all directions. Because of this imprudence they all died, crushed by the hooves '''[p. 158]''' of their camels. They met either death or captivity. 'Alī Bābā was taken prisoner. He was standing on a hill surrounded by a defensive line, swearing that he would not move from that place until the hill itself would break down. After having captured him, Qummī took him prisoner and seized his treasure as spoils, then took him to Aswān, where he sold the whole booty for fifty ounces (''ūqiyya'') of gold (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>tibr<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>). (K; pp. 52 - 54; K-W, pp. 50 - 52).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[The Ultimatum to Yurkī King of Dunqula]<ref>Probably the reason for this ultimatum is to be found in some alliance between the Beja king and the king of the Nūba. Cf. at-Taghrībirdī [q.v.].</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[The Ultimatum to Yurkī King of Dunqula]<ref>Probably the reason for this ultimatum is to be found in some alliance between the Beja king and the king of the Nūba. Cf. at-Taghrībirdī [q.v.].</ref> </div></td></tr>
</table>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4304&oldid=prevSeignobos at 15:24, 27 March 20152015-03-27T15:24:01Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While I was in that territory, the king was [one] named Eusebius (Asābiyūs) Karjūh, son of Jūtī and had been sitting on the throne for seventeen years; after which he died and was succeeded by his nephew (''ibn ukhti-hi'') [= his sister's son] Asṭābanūs, son of Yurkī, who reigns until today. It is a tradition among all the Blacks (''sūdān'') that on the death of a king, his sister's son takes his place, to the exclusion of any other relative, even the king's own son or any other member of the family (''qarīb wa-hamīm'').</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While I was in that territory, the king was [one] named Eusebius (Asābiyūs) Karjūh, son of Jūtī and had been sitting on the throne for seventeen years; after which he died and was succeeded by his nephew (''ibn ukhti-hi'') [= his sister's son] Asṭābanūs, son of Yurkī, who reigns until today. It is a tradition among all the Blacks (''sūdān'') that on the death of a king, his sister's son takes his place, to the exclusion of any other relative, even the king's own son or any other member of the family (''qarīb wa-hamīm'').</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The length of this territory, from Muqurra, that is to say from the extreme frontier of the kingdom of Dongola - which actually is under the authority of the lord of 'Alwa (''al-'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Alawī</del>'') - extends [upstreams] to the territory of the ''Kursī'' [other readings: Kursā, Kersā, Kushā], one month's journey along the Nile. Its width is the distance between the Nile and Taflīn, which requires eight days' journey towards the east. This territory is crossed by the River Sansabī<ref>Possibly the Atbara River.</ref>, a tributary of the Nile, which has its source in Ḥabasha and by the River Dujn<ref>Most probably the Gash River; Dujn is called nowadays by some Eritreans the territory between Tessenei (Eritrea) and the Atbara River. [A personal communication].</ref>, which, too, comes from ''Ḥabasha'', and waters the district of Dujn and its cultivations.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The length of this territory, from Muqurra, that is to say from the extreme frontier of the kingdom of Dongola - which actually is under the authority of the lord of 'Alwa (''al-'<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Alwī</ins>'') - extends [upstreams] to the territory of the ''Kursī'' [other readings: Kursā, Kersā, Kushā], one month's journey along the Nile. Its width is the distance between the Nile and Taflīn, which requires eight days' journey towards the east. This territory is crossed by the River Sansabī<ref>Possibly the Atbara River.</ref>, a tributary of the Nile, which has its source in Ḥabasha and by the River Dujn<ref>Most probably the Gash River; Dujn is called nowadays by some Eritreans the territory between Tessenei (Eritrea) and the Atbara River. [A personal communication].</ref>, which, too, comes from ''Ḥabasha'', and waters the district of Dujn and its cultivations.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The district of Dujn is covered uninterrupted by villages, supplied with water, forests, cultivated land and game.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The district of Dujn is covered uninterrupted by villages, supplied with water, forests, cultivated land and game.</div></td></tr>
</table>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4303&oldid=prevSeignobos at 13:40, 27 March 20152015-03-27T13:40:32Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[The Beja Country]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[The Beja Country]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since that time [859 A.D.] the authority of the Caliph has not been recognized at 'Allāqī. After the death of al-Mutawakkil [861 A.D.], the Buja gained possession of the environs of the town and Islam lost ground. The Buja country is situated between the Nile and the sea. Traders import into their country woollen and cotton pieces and [buy] live merchandise (''al-ḥayawān''), such as slaves (''raqīq'') and camels (''ibil''). The farthest limit reached by traders into their country is the district of Qal'īb, where there are many streams of water, descending from a mountain called Malāḥīb. The largest of the valleys is Wādī Baraka. Between Qal'īb and Baraka there are old forests, full of trees which measure in round up to 40 or 50 or even 60 cubits. The clearings are meeting places of elephants, giraffes, lions, rhinos, leopards (''nimr''), hunting-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1eopards </del>(''fahd'') and other wild game, which come there to feed in the bush, rivers and swamps.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since that time [859 A.D.] the authority of the Caliph has not been recognized at 'Allāqī. After the death of al-Mutawakkil [861 A.D.], the Buja gained possession of the environs of the town and Islam lost ground. The Buja country is situated between the Nile and the sea. Traders import into their country woollen and cotton pieces and [buy] live merchandise (''al-ḥayawān''), such as slaves (''raqīq'') and camels (''ibil''). The farthest limit reached by traders into their country is the district of Qal'īb, where there are many streams of water, descending from a mountain called Malāḥīb. The largest of the valleys is Wādī Baraka. Between Qal'īb and Baraka there are old forests, full of trees which measure in round up to 40 or 50 or even 60 cubits. The clearings are meeting places of elephants, giraffes, lions, rhinos, leopards (''nimr''), hunting-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">leopards </ins>(''fahd'') and other wild game, which come there to feed in the bush, rivers and swamps.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 160]''' At the extremity of Malāḥīb, on the east, there is a valley called Sighīwāt (''Shigiwat''), also rich in water, trees, bush and wild games. Near Baraka there are sub-tribes called ''Kadbam'' (''Kadīm''? ''Kadabin''?), also called ''ʿAjāt'', who are a portion of the Buja. Near the sea, they are neighbours to the ''Jāsa'' [sic! for ''al-Khāsa''], who form numerous clans living in the plain and on the mountain.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 160]''' At the extremity of Malāḥīb, on the east, there is a valley called Sighīwāt (''Shigiwat''), also rich in water, trees, bush and wild games. Near Baraka there are sub-tribes called ''Kadbam'' (''Kadīm''? ''Kadabin''?), also called ''ʿAjāt'', who are a portion of the Buja. Near the sea, they are neighbours to the ''Jāsa'' [sic! for ''al-Khāsa''], who form numerous clans living in the plain and on the mountain.</div></td></tr>
</table>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4302&oldid=prevSeignobos at 13:40, 27 March 20152015-03-27T13:40:10Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Qummī sent [an ultimatum] to Yurkī, the king of the Nūba, who came to make his submission. He brought all his party to Baghdad in this year, which we have mentioned above [238 Η/852 A.D.], and introduced the two [kings] to the Caliph, (''sultān''). They were put up for sale by auction (''nūdiya 'alay-him''): the king of the Buja was awarded for seven dinars and the king of the Nūba for nine. A daily poll tax of the same amount was imposed on both of them. Qummī went back to Aswān after having obtained their agreement to pay the ''jizya''<ref>Here the word ''jizya'' stands for ''baqṭ''. Cf. ‘Abd al-Ḥakam [q.v.].</ref>. (K. p. 54; K-W, p. 52).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Qummī sent [an ultimatum] to Yurkī, the king of the Nūba, who came to make his submission. He brought all his party to Baghdad in this year, which we have mentioned above [238 Η/852 A.D.], and introduced the two [kings] to the Caliph, (''sultān''). They were put up for sale by auction (''nūdiya 'alay-him''): the king of the Buja was awarded for seven dinars and the king of the Nūba for nine. A daily poll tax of the same amount was imposed on both of them. Qummī went back to Aswān after having obtained their agreement to pay the ''jizya''<ref>Here the word ''jizya'' stands for ''baqṭ''. Cf. ‘Abd al-Ḥakam [q.v.].</ref>. (K. p. 54; K-W, p. 52).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Qummī arrived at 'Allāqī, where he had left<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'</del>, as his deputy, Ashhab Rabī'a of the Banū 'Ubayd b. Tha'laba al-Ḥanafī. He was the grandfather of Abū 'Abdalla b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Abī Yazīd b. Bishr, the ruler of Muhdatha, a town situated opposite Aswān and belonging to the Rabī'a. This Abū 'Abdalla was the cousin (''ibn 'amm'') of Abū Bakr Ishāq b. Bishr, the ruler of 'Allāqī.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Qummī arrived at 'Allāqī, where he had left, as his deputy, Ashhab Rabī'a of the Banū 'Ubayd b. Tha'laba al-Ḥanafī. He was the grandfather of Abū 'Abdalla b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Abī Yazīd b. Bishr, the ruler of Muhdatha, a town situated opposite Aswān and belonging to the Rabī'a. This Abū 'Abdalla was the cousin (''ibn 'amm'') of Abū Bakr Ishāq b. Bishr, the ruler of 'Allāqī.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 159]''' He [Ashhab] oppressed the people with tyrannical rule (''jawr'') [while Qummī was away]. Qummī, having received many complaints brought against him, arrested him, [searched his house], but found nothing he could carry away, because Ashhab, being exceedingly lavish, had depleted all his revenues. Qummī kept him in prison for a long time, then released him. Ashhab resentful for what Qummī had done to him, plotted, with some of his men, to kill Qummī. The latter, on being warned about the plot, said: - "I should like him to bear before God the responsibility for my blood, rather than I would take up on myself the responsibility for shedding his blood." Ashhab killed Qummī in the year 245 [859 A.D.]. (K, p. 54).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 159]''' He [Ashhab] oppressed the people with tyrannical rule (''jawr'') [while Qummī was away]. Qummī, having received many complaints brought against him, arrested him, [searched his house], but found nothing he could carry away, because Ashhab, being exceedingly lavish, had depleted all his revenues. Qummī kept him in prison for a long time, then released him. Ashhab resentful for what Qummī had done to him, plotted, with some of his men, to kill Qummī. The latter, on being warned about the plot, said: - "I should like him to bear before God the responsibility for my blood, rather than I would take up on myself the responsibility for shedding his blood." Ashhab killed Qummī in the year 245 [859 A.D.]. (K, p. 54).</div></td></tr>
</table>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4119&oldid=prevSeignobos at 15:41, 1 March 20152015-03-01T15:41:22Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the upper part of 'Alwa there is a river coming from the east, which is called Ūr (Awr). In the area watered by it live the Maranka, a people related (''qabīl'') to the Nūba. This river flows into the Nile. Two days' distance upstream, there is the river Atamtī (Atamtā), inhabited by a section of the Nūba called Kursā (Kursī, Karsā?), a very numerous people, who settle along this watercourse and border on Ḥabasha. These rivers have a '''[p. 165]''' big discharge; they join the river of Sōba (''Sūba'') and then flow towards Muqurra, which is the territory of Dongola, and pass by Aswān. Some people may say that in the upper course of this river, I mean the Nile, and in the upper region of the Kursā (Kursī), one crosses the land of ''Tublī'' (Tubulā). This is the extreme limit of the kingdom of 'Alwa on the Nile. Its inhabitants have no contact with their neighbours nor do they make any commercial transaction with them. They go naked, without covering their bodies: nobody knows anything about their mode of living and their behaviour. The inhabitants of Kursā (Kursī)<ref>''Al-Maktaba'' (p. 75), quoting Kramers’ Arabic edition, has the vowel “u” clearly noted in this instance.</ref> wear the "''zifāl''", a kind of loin-cloth with which they surround their body; the part of cloth which remains hanging [from the waist] they fold up between the thighs and tie up to that part of zifāl which is fixed near the nombril.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the upper part of 'Alwa there is a river coming from the east, which is called Ūr (Awr). In the area watered by it live the Maranka, a people related (''qabīl'') to the Nūba. This river flows into the Nile. Two days' distance upstream, there is the river Atamtī (Atamtā), inhabited by a section of the Nūba called Kursā (Kursī, Karsā?), a very numerous people, who settle along this watercourse and border on Ḥabasha. These rivers have a '''[p. 165]''' big discharge; they join the river of Sōba (''Sūba'') and then flow towards Muqurra, which is the territory of Dongola, and pass by Aswān. Some people may say that in the upper course of this river, I mean the Nile, and in the upper region of the Kursā (Kursī), one crosses the land of ''Tublī'' (Tubulā). This is the extreme limit of the kingdom of 'Alwa on the Nile. Its inhabitants have no contact with their neighbours nor do they make any commercial transaction with them. They go naked, without covering their bodies: nobody knows anything about their mode of living and their behaviour. The inhabitants of Kursā (Kursī)<ref>''Al-Maktaba'' (p. 75), quoting Kramers’ Arabic edition, has the vowel “u” clearly noted in this instance.</ref> wear the "''zifāl''", a kind of loin-cloth with which they surround their body; the part of cloth which remains hanging [from the waist] they fold up between the thighs and tie up to that part of zifāl which is fixed near the nombril.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>West of the Nile there is a great river which flows westward, with a great discharge: it is called the White Nile. Its banks are inhabited by a native people (''qawm') related to the Nūba. Within the country of 'Alwa, there is an island the end of which is not known: it lies between the White Nile and the main branch of the Nile we have just now described. All kinds of wild game are found there: it is inhabited by Nūba, Kursā and other peoples about which it is impossible to know [more] because they are inaccessible.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>West of the Nile there is a great river which flows westward, with a great discharge: it is called the White Nile. Its banks are inhabited by a native people (''qawm<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'</ins>') related to the Nūba. Within the country of 'Alwa, there is an island the end of which is not known: it lies between the White Nile and the main branch of the Nile we have just now described. All kinds of wild game are found there: it is inhabited by Nūba, Kursā and other peoples about which it is impossible to know [more] because they are inaccessible.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To the west of this White Nile there is a race known under the name of Highlanders (''al-jabaliyyūn''); they are subjects to the Lord of Dongola, who rules over al-Maqurra and al-Marīs. Al-Marīs is the territory comprised '''[p. 166]''' between the frontier of Aswān and the frontier of Maqurra. Between 'Alwa and the country of the Highlanders there is a sandy desert extending as far as the country of Amqul (Amqal); it is a vast district with innumerable villages, various peoples speaking different languages, which cannot be counted and whose frontier cannot be described: they are called Aḥādis (''al-aḥadiyyūn''). Rich mines, producing pure gold and iron are found in their country. The western frontier of these peoples is not well known. They dress like the people of Maghrib (''al-maghāriba''), and make use of camels and horses, as beasts of burden; but these animals are not strong-built: they are of small size and have short hair. Their armament consists of shields (''daraq'') similar to the shields of the Maghrabis; egg-shaped helmets (''bīd'')<ref>K-W translated ''bīd'' as an adjective [white] added to daraq (“boucliers blanc”).</ref> javelins (''hirāb'') and swords (''suyūf'') of poor quality. Their warriors wear long spotted trousers (''sarāwīlāt mufattaha''), and their sandals (''ni'āl'') are similar to those of the Maghrabis. They are Christians and are subjects to the Lord of 'Alwa. They are separated from this kingdom by a distance of five days' Journey of which three days are through sheer deserts (''mafāwiz'').</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To the west of this White Nile there is a race known under the name of Highlanders (''al-jabaliyyūn''); they are subjects to the Lord of Dongola, who rules over al-Maqurra and al-Marīs. Al-Marīs is the territory comprised '''[p. 166]''' between the frontier of Aswān and the frontier of Maqurra. Between 'Alwa and the country of the Highlanders there is a sandy desert extending as far as the country of Amqul (Amqal); it is a vast district with innumerable villages, various peoples speaking different languages, which cannot be counted and whose frontier cannot be described: they are called Aḥādis (''al-aḥadiyyūn''). Rich mines, producing pure gold and iron are found in their country. The western frontier of these peoples is not well known. They dress like the people of Maghrib (''al-maghāriba''), and make use of camels and horses, as beasts of burden; but these animals are not strong-built: they are of small size and have short hair. Their armament consists of shields (''daraq'') similar to the shields of the Maghrabis; egg-shaped helmets (''bīd'')<ref>K-W translated ''bīd'' as an adjective [white] added to daraq (“boucliers blanc”).</ref> javelins (''hirāb'') and swords (''suyūf'') of poor quality. Their warriors wear long spotted trousers (''sarāwīlāt mufattaha''), and their sandals (''ni'āl'') are similar to those of the Maghrabis. They are Christians and are subjects to the Lord of 'Alwa. They are separated from this kingdom by a distance of five days' Journey of which three days are through sheer deserts (''mafāwiz'').</div></td></tr>
</table>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4117&oldid=prevSeignobos at 15:39, 1 March 20152015-03-01T15:39:35Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:39, 1 March 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''1. ''K. al-masālik wa-l-mamālik'' (first redaction 967 A.D.) Ed.: De Goeje, BGA 2, Leiden 1873.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''1. ''K. al-masālik wa-l-mamālik'' (first redaction 967 A.D.) Ed.: De Goeje, BGA 2, Leiden 1873.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''2. ''K- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sūrat </del>al-arḍ'' (a revised redaction of the former, about 977 A.D.)''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''2. ''K- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ṣūrat </ins>al-arḍ'' (a revised redaction of the former, about 977 A.D.)''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Ed.: J.H. Kramers, ''Opus geographicum auctore Ibn Hawqal...Liber imaginis terrae'' (Arabic), Leiden 1938-39; French transl. by: Kramers J.H. - Wiet G., ''La Configuration de la Terre'', Paris - Beirut (UNESCO) 1965.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Ed.: J.H. Kramers, ''Opus geographicum auctore Ibn Hawqal...Liber imaginis terrae'' (Arabic), Leiden 1938-39; French transl. by: Kramers J.H. - Wiet G., ''La Configuration de la Terre'', Paris - Beirut (UNESCO) 1965.''</div></td></tr>
</table>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4033&oldid=prevSeignobos at 23:02, 24 February 20152015-02-24T23:02:44Z<p></p>
<a href="http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4033&oldid=4020">Show changes</a>Seignoboshttp://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4020&oldid=prevAdam Simmons at 19:25, 23 February 20152015-02-23T19:25:56Z<p></p>
<a href="http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=Ibn_Hawqal&diff=4020&oldid=3841">Show changes</a>Adam Simmons