Al-Khuwarezmi - Revision history

Adam Simmons at 16:33, 20 February 2015

2015-02-20T16:33:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 20 February 2015
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	''Towns'' :		''Towns'' :

	In the First Climate: ~~LONG. LAT.~~		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
	''Dunqula'', the town of the ''Nūbah'' 53° 0' ... ~~30’~~		! In the First Climate:
			! Longitude
	''ʿAlwa Baḥrīyah'' 60° 0' 12° 20'		! Latitude
			\|-
	''Zaghāwah'' 60° 15' 11° 0'		\| ''Dunqula'', the town of the ''Nūbah''
			\| 53° 0'
	~~In the Second climate:~~		\| ... 30'
			\|-
	~~Jarmī(?) (Jerma?), the great town 34° 0' 19° 30'~~		\| ''ʿAlwa Baḥrīyah''
			\| 60° 0'
	~~Jarmā(?) the town of the kingdom of Habash 19° 40'~~		\| 12° 20'
			\|-
	~~The town of ''Bilāq'' 55° 25' 21° 40'~~		\| ''Zaghāwah''
			\| 60° 15'
	~~''Suwān'' 56° 0' 22° 30'~~		\| 11° 0'
			\|}
	~~''Al-Qaṣr'' 55° 50' 21° 45'~~

			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			! In the Second climate:
			! Longitude
			! Latitude
			\|-
			\| Jarmī(?) (Jerma?), the great town
			\| 34° 0'
			\| 19° 30'
			\|-
			\| Jarmā(?) the town of the kingdom of Ḥabash
			\| 40° 40'
			\| 19° 40'
			\|-
			\| The town of ''Bilāq''
			\| 55° 25'
			\| 21° 40'
			\|-
			\| ''Suwān''
			\| 56° 0'
			\| 22° 30'
			\|-
			\| ''Al-Qaṣr''
			\| 55° 50'
			\| 21° 45'
			\|}

	'''[p. 51]'''		'''[p. 51]'''

	''Ma'dīn az-Zumurrud'' (the emerald mines) 57° 0' 21° 15'		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
	''Ma'dīn adh-dhahab'' among the Būja 57° 55' 21° 45'		\| ''Ma'dīn az-Zumurrud'' (the emerald mines)
			\| 57° 0'
			\| 21° 15'
			\|-
			\| ''Ma'dīn adh-dhahab'' among the Būja
			\| 57° 55'
			\| 21° 45'
			\|}

	(MC 519r).		(MC 519r).

	(RIVERS)		(RIVERS)

	There are two lakes in the form of a circle, each having a diameter measuring 5° (degrees): The centre of		There are two lakes in the form of a circle, each having a diameter measuring 5° (degrees): The centre of
	the first is at Long. 50° 0' Lat. 7° 0' and the centre		the first is at Long. 50° 0' Lat. 7° 0' and the centre

Adam Simmons at 20:15, 18 February 2015

2015-02-18T20:15:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:15, 18 February 2015
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	ABŪ JA'FAR MUḤAMMAD MŪSĀ AL-KHUWĀREZMĪ		ABŪ JA'FAR MUḤAMMAD MŪSĀ AL-KHUWĀREZMĪ

	before 833 A.D.		''(before 833 A.D.)''

	Geographer and astronomer at the court of the Abbasids till 846 A.D.		''Geographer and astronomer at the court of the Abbasids till 846 A.D.''

	''K. Sūrat al-Arḍ''.		''K. Sūrat al-Arḍ''.

	MS: Strasbourg, Bibl. Univ., Cod. 4247 (1037), fols.30s.		''MS: Strasbourg, Bibl. Univ., Cod. 4247 (1037), fols.30s.''

	Brockelmann 1, 225		''Brockelmann 1, 225''

	Ed.: H. von Mzik, ''Das K. Sūrat Al-Ard des Abu Gafar M.'', Leipzig 1926, pp. 107-109.		''Ed.: H. von Mzik, ''Das K. Sūrat Al-Ard des Abu Gafar M.'', Leipzig 1926, pp. 107-109.''

			''T.: MC 519-523''

	~~''T.: MC 519-523~~

	''Towns'' :		''Towns'' :

Seignobos at 14:05, 18 February 2015

2015-02-18T14:05:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 18 February 2015
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	'''[pp. 50-52]'''		'''[pp. 50-52]'''

	ABŪ JA'FAR ~~MUHAMMAD~~ MŪSĀ AL-KHUWĀREZMĪ		ABŪ JA'FAR MUḤAMMAD MŪSĀ AL-KHUWĀREZMĪ

	before 833 A.D.		before 833 A.D.
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	Geographer and astronomer at the court of the Abbasids till 846 A.D.		Geographer and astronomer at the court of the Abbasids till 846 A.D.

	''K. Sūrat al-~~Ard~~''.		''K. Sūrat al-Arḍ''.

	MS: Strasbourg, Bibl. Univ., Cod. 4247 (1037), fols.30s.		MS: Strasbourg, Bibl. Univ., Cod. 4247 (1037), fols.30s.
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	In the First Climate: LONG. LAT.		In the First Climate: LONG. LAT.

	''Dunqula'', the town of the ''~~Nubah~~'' 53° 0' ... 30’		''Dunqula'', the town of the ''Nūbah'' 53° 0' ... 30’

	''~~'Alwa Bahrīyah~~'' 60° 0' 12° 20'		''ʿAlwa Baḥrīyah'' 60° 0' 12° 20'

	''Zaghāwah'' 60° 15' 11° 0'		''Zaghāwah'' 60° 15' 11° 0'
Line 37:		Line 37:
	''Suwān'' 56° 0' 22° 30'		''Suwān'' 56° 0' 22° 30'

	''Al-~~Qaar~~'' 55° 50' 21° 45'		''Al-Qaṣr'' 55° 50' 21° 45'

	'''[p. 51]'''		'''[p. 51]'''

	''Ma'~~din~~ az-Zumurrud'' (the emerald mines) 57° 0' 21° 15'		''Ma'dīn az-Zumurrud'' (the emerald mines) 57° 0' 21° 15'

	''Ma'~~din~~ adh-dhahab'' among the ~~Buja~~ 57° 55' 21° 45'		''Ma'dīn adh-dhahab'' among the Būja 57° 55' 21° 45'

	(MC 519r).		(MC 519r).
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	Each of these rivers enters the small lake, through a separate mouth. From this small lake out-flows one large river which is the Nile of Egypt. It flows through		Each of these rivers enters the small lake, through a separate mouth. From this small lake out-flows one large river which is the Nile of Egypt. It flows through
	the territory of the Blacks (''Sūdān)'', the ''~~’Alwa~~'', the ''Zaghawa'' the ''Fazzan'' and the ''Nūba''. It also touches ''Dunqula'', the town of the Nubians which is situated at Long. 52° 20’ Lat. 2° 0’ within the First Climate, if we count the Lat. degrees beginning from the northern limit of this climate back towards the equator, or at Lat. 15° 0' if we count the degrees from the equator to this point.		the territory of the Blacks (''Sūdān)'', the ''ʿAlwa'', the ''Zaghawa'' the ''Fazzan'' and the ''Nūba''. It also touches ''Dunqula'', the town of the Nubians which is situated at Long. 52° 20’ Lat. 2° 0’ within the First Climate, if we count the Lat. degrees beginning from the northern limit of this climate back towards the equator, or at Lat. 15° 0' if we count the degrees from the equator to this point.

	The Nile flows on to Long. 53° 0' Lat. 16° 20' (where it crosses into the Second Climate); then it continues in the same direction for one and a half degrees beyond the [northern] limit of the First Climate, then it bends to Long. 52° 0’ Lat. 18° 40’, turns to 51° 0’ Lat. 17° 0’ and successively to Long. 50° 0' Lat. 17° 30'; Long. 50° 20' Lat. 18° 20’; Long. 52° 30' Lat. 19° 40' until it touches the town of ''Malwī'' (''Malwā'') at Long. 51° 30' Lat. 19° 20', after which it reaches the town of ''Uswān'' at Long. 55° 30’ Lat. 22° 30'.		The Nile flows on to Long. 53° 0' Lat. 16° 20' (where it crosses into the Second Climate); then it continues in the same direction for one and a half degrees beyond the [northern] limit of the First Climate, then it bends to Long. 52° 0’ Lat. 18° 40’, turns to 51° 0’ Lat. 17° 0’ and successively to Long. 50° 0' Lat. 17° 30'; Long. 50° 20' Lat. 18° 20’; Long. 52° 30' Lat. 19° 40' until it touches the town of ''Malwī'' (''Malwā'') at Long. 51° 30' Lat. 19° 20', after which it reaches the town of ''Uswān'' at Long. 55° 30’ Lat. 22° 30'.

	A Description of the Source (''~~’ayn~~'') which lies on the line of the equator and discharges into the Nile of Egypt: also [another] source of circular form, the centre of which is on the line of the equator, and gives rise to the Nile near the town of the ''Nūbah''.		A Description of the Source (''ʿayn'') which lies on the line of the equator and discharges into the Nile of Egypt: also [another] source of circular form, the centre of which is on the line of the equator, and gives rise to the Nile near the town of the ''Nūbah''.
	The diameter of this source (''~~’ayn~~'') is 3° (three degrees) and its centre is at Long. 62° 0'. At Long. 61°		The diameter of this source (''ʿayn'') is 3° (three degrees) and its centre is at Long. 62° 0'. At Long. 61°
	30', a river rises [from this source] and flows into the Nile at Long. 53° 0' Lat. 16° 20’, touching the borders of the First Climate. There is a branch river (''khalīj'') between the river which rises from this source and the Nile, upstream from the town of the ''Nūbah''. (MC 522r).		30', a river rises [from this source] and flows into the Nile at Long. 53° 0' Lat. 16° 20’, touching the borders of the First Climate. There is a branch river (''khalīj'') between the river which rises from this source and the Nile, upstream from the town of the ''Nūbah''. (MC 522r).

Seignobos at 15:37, 8 February 2015

2015-02-08T15:37:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:37, 8 February 2015
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	Ed.: H. von Mzik, ''Das K. Sūrat Al-Ard des Abu Gafar M.'', Leipzig 1926, pp. 107-109.		Ed.: H. von Mzik, ''Das K. Sūrat Al-Ard des Abu Gafar M.'', Leipzig 1926, pp. 107-109.


	''T.: MC 519-523		''T.: MC 519-523


	''Towns'' :		''Towns'' :

Seignobos at 17:23, 28 January 2015

2015-01-28T17:23:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 28 January 2015
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	'''External links:''' digital reproduction (zoomable) of the map of the Nile included in Strasbourg, Bibl. univ., ms. 4247, f. 30v-31 [1037] [http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?mode=ecran&corpus=decor&COMPOSITION_ID=14577&IMAGE_ID=983530&carouselThere=false&nbVignettes=4x3&page=1&angle=0&zoom=&tailleReelle=]. A sketch of the map with a transcription and a partial (French) translation of its legends is freely available here[http://afriques.revues.org/docannexe/image/807/img-4.png].		'''External links:''' digital reproduction (zoomable) of the map of the Nile included in Strasbourg, Bibl. univ., ms. 4247, f. 30v-31 [1037] [http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?mode=ecran&corpus=decor&COMPOSITION_ID=14577&IMAGE_ID=983530&carouselThere=false&nbVignettes=4x3&page=1&angle=0&zoom=&tailleReelle=]. A sketch of the map with a transcription and a partial (French) translation of its legends is freely available here[http://afriques.revues.org/docannexe/image/807/img-4.png].

	'''Remarks:''' note that the only extant ms of al-Ḫwārizmī’s ''Kitāb Ṣūrat alʾArḍ'', now kept in the Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg, contains a set of four maps that remain to this day the earliest preserved maps from the Islamic world. Although they were probably not part of the original composition, the configuration and information displayed in the map of the Nile (f. 30v-31) follows rather closely the description given in al-Ḫwārizmī’s text. The Makurian capital, Dongola (''Dunqula''), is located on an island formed by the junction of the Nile with an eastern tributary (the Ptolemean Astapous/Astaboras, i.e. the Atbara) representing the famous « island of Meroe » of the Ancient writers. The land of Nubia (''bilād al-Nūba'') lies south-east of this island, between the two rivers, whereas the name of ʿAlwa appears a bit to the east of the Atbara.		'''Remarks:''' note that the only extant ms. of al-Ḫwārizmī’s ''Kitāb Ṣūrat alʾArḍ'', now kept in the Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg, contains a set of four maps that remain to this day the earliest preserved maps from the Islamic world. Although they were probably not part of the original composition, the configuration and information displayed in the map of the Nile (f. 30v-31) follows rather closely the description given in al-Ḫwārizmī’s text. The Makurian capital, Dongola (''Dunqula''), is located on an island formed by the junction of the Nile with an eastern tributary (the Ptolemean Astapous/Astaboras, i.e. the Atbara) representing the famous « island of Meroe » of the Ancient writers. The land of Nubia (''bilād al-Nūba'') lies south-east of this island, between the two rivers, whereas the name of ʿAlwa appears a bit to the east of the Atbara.

	'''Concordance :'''		'''Concordance :'''

Seignobos at 17:22, 28 January 2015

2015-01-28T17:22:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 28 January 2015
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	Geographer and astronomer at the court of the Abbasids till 846 A.D.		Geographer and astronomer at the court of the Abbasids till 846 A.D.

	K. Sūrat al-Ard.		''K. Sūrat al-Ard''.

	MS: Strasbourg, Bibl. Univ., Cod. 4247 (1037), fols.30s.		MS: Strasbourg, Bibl. Univ., Cod. 4247 (1037), fols.30s.
Line 13:		Line 13:
	Brockelmann 1, 225		Brockelmann 1, 225

	Ed.: H. von Mzik, Das K. Sūrat Al-Ard des Abu Gafar M., Leipzig 1926, pp. 107-109.		Ed.: H. von Mzik, ''Das K. Sūrat Al-Ard des Abu Gafar M.'', Leipzig 1926, pp. 107-109.

Seignobos at 13:47, 24 September 2014

2014-09-24T13:47:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:47, 24 September 2014
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	~~<u>~~Towns~~</u>~~:		''Towns'' :

	In the First Climate: LONG. LAT.		In the First Climate: LONG. LAT.

	~~<u>~~Dunqula~~</u>~~, the town of the ~~<u>~~Nubah~~</u>~~ 53° 0' ... 30’		''Dunqula'', the town of the ''Nubah'' 53° 0' ... 30’

	~~<u>~~'Alwa Bahrīyah~~</u>~~ 60° 0' 12° 20'		'''Alwa Bahrīyah'' 60° 0' 12° 20'

	~~<u>~~Zaghāwah~~</u>~~ 60° 15' 11° 0'		''Zaghāwah'' 60° 15' 11° 0'

	In the Second climate:		In the Second climate:
Line 35:		Line 35:
	Jarmā(?) the town of the kingdom of Habash 19° 40'		Jarmā(?) the town of the kingdom of Habash 19° 40'

	The town of ~~<u>~~Bilāq~~</u>~~ 55° 25' 21° 40'		The town of ''Bilāq'' 55° 25' 21° 40'

	~~<u>~~Suwān~~</u>~~ 56° 0' 22° 30'		''Suwān'' 56° 0' 22° 30'

	~~<u>~~Al-Qaar~~</u>~~ 55° 50' 21° 45'		''Al-Qaar'' 55° 50' 21° 45'

	'''[p. 51]'''		'''[p. 51]'''

	~~<u>~~Ma'din az-Zumurrud~~</u>~~ (the emerald mines) 57° 0' 21° 15'		''Ma'din az-Zumurrud'' (the emerald mines) 57° 0' 21° 15'

	~~<u>~~Ma'din adh-dhahab~~</u>~~ among the Buja 57° 55' 21° 45'		''Ma'din adh-dhahab'' among the Buja 57° 55' 21° 45'

	(MC 519r).		(MC 519r).
Line 53:		Line 53:
	the first is at Long. 50° 0' Lat. 7° 0' and the centre		the first is at Long. 50° 0' Lat. 7° 0' and the centre
	of the other is at Long. 57° 0' Lat. 7° 0'. Five rivers		of the other is at Long. 57° 0' Lat. 7° 0'. Five rivers
	coming from ~~<u>~~Jabal al-Qamar~~</u>~~ flow into the first lake.		coming from ''Jabal al-Qamar'' flow into the first lake.
	The source of the first river is at Long. 48° 0', the second's at Long. 49° 0', the third’s at Long. 50° 0',		The source of the first river is at Long. 48° 0', the second's at Long. 49° 0', the third’s at Long. 50° 0',
	the fourth's at Long. 51° 0' and the fifth's at Long.		the fourth's at Long. 51° 0' and the fifth's at Long.
	52° 0'.		52° 0'.

	Five other rivers start from ~~<u>~~Jabal al-Qamar~~</u>~~ and flow down to the second lake. The source of the first is at Long. 55° 20'; the second's at 56° 20'; the third's at 57° 20'; the fourth's at 58° 20'; and the fifth's at 59° 20'.		Five other rivers start from ''Jabal al-Qamar'' and flow down to the second lake. The source of the first is at Long. 55° 20'; the second's at 56° 20'; the third's at 57° 20'; the fourth's at 58° 20'; and the fifth's at 59° 20'.

	Four rivers rise from each of these two lakes [all ending] in a [smaller] circular lake within the First Climate; the diameter of this lake is 2° (two degrees) and its centre lies at Long. 53° 30' Lat. 2° 0' in the First Climate. The first river rises from the first lake at Long. 48° 40'; the second at 49° 30'; the third at 51° 15'; these two rivers merge into one at Long. 52° 0' Lat. 1° 0' beyond the equator before flowing into the lake we have just mentioned; the fourth river rises at Long. 52° 0'. The first river of the second lake - which also ends in the smaller lake - rises at Long. 55° 30 ; the second at 56° 20', and the third at 58° 0'; these merge into one at Long. 56° 0' Lat. 1° 0' beyond the equator, before ending in the above mentioned lake; the fourth rises at Long. 59° 0'.		Four rivers rise from each of these two lakes [all ending] in a [smaller] circular lake within the First Climate; the diameter of this lake is 2° (two degrees) and its centre lies at Long. 53° 30' Lat. 2° 0' in the First Climate. The first river rises from the first lake at Long. 48° 40'; the second at 49° 30'; the third at 51° 15'; these two rivers merge into one at Long. 52° 0' Lat. 1° 0' beyond the equator before flowing into the lake we have just mentioned; the fourth river rises at Long. 52° 0'. The first river of the second lake - which also ends in the smaller lake - rises at Long. 55° 30 ; the second at 56° 20', and the third at 58° 0'; these merge into one at Long. 56° 0' Lat. 1° 0' beyond the equator, before ending in the above mentioned lake; the fourth rises at Long. 59° 0'.
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	Each of these rivers enters the small lake, through a separate mouth. From this small lake out-flows one large river which is the Nile of Egypt. It flows through		Each of these rivers enters the small lake, through a separate mouth. From this small lake out-flows one large river which is the Nile of Egypt. It flows through
	the territory of the Blacks (~~<u>~~Sūdān~~</u>~~), the ~~<u>~~’Alwa~~</u>~~, the ~~<u>~~Zaghawa~~</u>~~ the ~~<u>~~Fazzan~~</u>~~ and the ~~<u>~~Nūba~~</u>~~. It also touches ~~<u>~~Dunqula~~</u>~~, the town of the Nubians which is situated at Long. 52° 20’ Lat. 2° 0’ within the First Climate, if we count the Lat. degrees beginning from the northern limit of this climate back towards the equator, or at Lat. 15° 0' if we count the degrees from the equator to this point.		the territory of the Blacks (''Sūdān)'', the ''’Alwa'', the ''Zaghawa'' the ''Fazzan'' and the ''Nūba''. It also touches ''Dunqula'', the town of the Nubians which is situated at Long. 52° 20’ Lat. 2° 0’ within the First Climate, if we count the Lat. degrees beginning from the northern limit of this climate back towards the equator, or at Lat. 15° 0' if we count the degrees from the equator to this point.

	The Nile flows on to Long. 53° 0' Lat. 16° 20' (where it crosses into the Second Climate); then it continues in the same direction for one and a half degrees beyond the [northern] limit of the First Climate, then it bends to Long. 52° 0’ Lat. 18° 40’, turns to 51° 0’ Lat. 17° 0’ and successively to Long. 50° 0' Lat. 17° 30'; Long. 50° 20' Lat. 18° 20’; Long. 52° 30' Lat. 19° 40' until it touches the town of ~~<u>~~Malwī~~</u>~~ (~~<u>~~Malwā~~</u>~~) at Long. 51° 30' Lat. 19° 20', after which it reaches the town of ~~<u>~~Uswān~~</u>~~ at Long. 55° 30’ Lat. 22° 30'.		The Nile flows on to Long. 53° 0' Lat. 16° 20' (where it crosses into the Second Climate); then it continues in the same direction for one and a half degrees beyond the [northern] limit of the First Climate, then it bends to Long. 52° 0’ Lat. 18° 40’, turns to 51° 0’ Lat. 17° 0’ and successively to Long. 50° 0' Lat. 17° 30'; Long. 50° 20' Lat. 18° 20’; Long. 52° 30' Lat. 19° 40' until it touches the town of ''Malwī'' (''Malwā'') at Long. 51° 30' Lat. 19° 20', after which it reaches the town of ''Uswān'' at Long. 55° 30’ Lat. 22° 30'.

	A Description of the Source (~~<u>~~’ayn~~</u>~~) which lies on the line of the equator and discharges into the Nile of Egypt: also [another] source of circular form, the centre of which is on the line of the equator, and gives rise to the Nile near the town of the ~~<u>~~Nūbah~~</u>~~.		A Description of the Source (''’ayn'') which lies on the line of the equator and discharges into the Nile of Egypt: also [another] source of circular form, the centre of which is on the line of the equator, and gives rise to the Nile near the town of the ''Nūbah''.
	The diameter of this source (~~<u>~~’ayn~~</u>~~) is 3° (three degrees) and its centre is at Long. 62° 0'. At Long. 61°		The diameter of this source (''’ayn'') is 3° (three degrees) and its centre is at Long. 62° 0'. At Long. 61°
	30', a river rises [from this source] and flows into the Nile at Long. 53° 0' Lat. 16° 20’, touching the borders of the First Climate. There is a branch river (~~<u>~~khalīj~~</u>~~) between the river which rises from this source and the Nile, upstream from the town of the ~~<u>~~Nūbah~~</u>~~. (MC 522r).		30', a river rises [from this source] and flows into the Nile at Long. 53° 0' Lat. 16° 20’, touching the borders of the First Climate. There is a branch river (''khalīj'') between the river which rises from this source and the Nile, upstream from the town of the ''Nūbah''. (MC 522r).

	[[Category:Literary Sources]]		[[Category:Literary Sources]]

Seignobos at 21:27, 30 January 2014

2014-01-30T21:27:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:27, 30 January 2014
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	'''Translations:''' German translation of the African part of the work in H. von Mžik, « Afrika nach der arabischen Bearbeitung… » (see above).		'''Translations:''' German translation of the African part of the work in H. von Mžik, « Afrika nach der arabischen Bearbeitung… » (see above).

	'''Further references:''' C.A. Nallino, « Al-Ḫuwârizmî et il suo rifacimento della geografia di Tolomeo », ''Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, Anno 291, Seria 5a. Memorie della classe di scienzi morali, storiche e filologiche'', 1894 ; G.R. Tibbetts, « The beginnings of a cartographic tradition », [in :] J.B. Harley, D. Woodward (eds), ''The History of Cartography. Vol. 2, Book 1, Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies'', Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1992, p. 90-107[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B1/HOC_VOLUME2_Book1_chapter4.pdf] ; R. Seignobos, « L’île de Bilāq dans le Kitāb Nuzhat al-Muštāq d’al-Idrīsī (XIIe siècle). Généalogie d’une confusion », ''Afriques'' [Online], 2011[http://afriques.revues.org/807].		'''Further references:''' C.A. Nallino, « Al-Ḫuwârizmî et il suo rifacimento della geografia di Tolomeo », ''Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, Anno 291, Seria 5a. Memorie della classe di scienzi morali, storiche e filologiche'', 1894 [https://archive.org/stream/memorieatti02accauoft#page/n9/mode/2up] ; G.R. Tibbetts, « The beginnings of a cartographic tradition », [in :] J.B. Harley, D. Woodward (eds), ''The History of Cartography. Vol. 2, Book 1, Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies'', Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1992, p. 90-107[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B1/HOC_VOLUME2_Book1_chapter4.pdf] ; R. Seignobos, « L’île de Bilāq dans le Kitāb Nuzhat al-Muštāq d’al-Idrīsī (XIIe siècle). Généalogie d’une confusion », ''Afriques'' [Online], 2011[http://afriques.revues.org/807].

	'''External links:''' digital reproduction (zoomable) of the map of the Nile included in Strasbourg, Bibl. univ., ms. 4247, f. 30v-31 [1037] [http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?mode=ecran&corpus=decor&COMPOSITION_ID=14577&IMAGE_ID=983530&carouselThere=false&nbVignettes=4x3&page=1&angle=0&zoom=&tailleReelle=]. A sketch of the map with a transcription and a partial (French) translation of its legends is freely available here[http://afriques.revues.org/docannexe/image/807/img-4.png].		'''External links:''' digital reproduction (zoomable) of the map of the Nile included in Strasbourg, Bibl. univ., ms. 4247, f. 30v-31 [1037] [http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?mode=ecran&corpus=decor&COMPOSITION_ID=14577&IMAGE_ID=983530&carouselThere=false&nbVignettes=4x3&page=1&angle=0&zoom=&tailleReelle=]. A sketch of the map with a transcription and a partial (French) translation of its legends is freely available here[http://afriques.revues.org/docannexe/image/807/img-4.png].

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	ABŪ JA'FAR MUHAMMAD MŪSĀ AL-KHUWĀREZMĪ		ABŪ JA'FAR MUHAMMAD MŪSĀ AL-KHUWĀREZMĪ

	''before 833 A.D.		before 833 A.D.

	''Geographer and astronomer at the court of the Abbasids till 846 A.D.		Geographer and astronomer at the court of the Abbasids till 846 A.D.

	''K. Sūrat al-Ard.		K. Sūrat al-Ard.

	''MS: Strasbourg, Bibl. Univ., Cod. 4247 (1037), fols.30s.		MS: Strasbourg, Bibl. Univ., Cod. 4247 (1037), fols.30s.

	''Brockelmann 1, 225		Brockelmann 1, 225

			Ed.: H. von Mzik, Das K. Sūrat Al-Ard des Abu Gafar M., Leipzig 1926, pp. 107-109.

	~~''Ed.: H. von Mzik, Das K. Sūrat Al-Ard des Abu Gafar M., Leipzig 1926, pp. 107-109.~~

	''T.: MC 519-523		''T.: MC 519-523

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	'''External links:''' digital reproduction (zoomable) of the map of the Nile included in Strasbourg, Bibl. univ., ms. 4247, f. 30v-31 [1037] [http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?mode=ecran&corpus=decor&COMPOSITION_ID=14577&IMAGE_ID=983530&carouselThere=false&nbVignettes=4x3&page=1&angle=0&zoom=&tailleReelle=]. A sketch of the map with a transcription and a partial (French) translation of its legends is freely available here[http://afriques.revues.org/docannexe/image/807/img-4.png].		'''External links:''' digital reproduction (zoomable) of the map of the Nile included in Strasbourg, Bibl. univ., ms. 4247, f. 30v-31 [1037] [http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?mode=ecran&corpus=decor&COMPOSITION_ID=14577&IMAGE_ID=983530&carouselThere=false&nbVignettes=4x3&page=1&angle=0&zoom=&tailleReelle=]. A sketch of the map with a transcription and a partial (French) translation of its legends is freely available here[http://afriques.revues.org/docannexe/image/807/img-4.png].

	'''Remarks:''' note that the only extant ms of al-Ḫwārizmī’s ''Kitāb Ṣūrat alʾArḍ'', now kept in the Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg, contains a set of four maps that remain to this day the earliest preserved maps from the Islamic world. Although they were probably not part of the original composition, the configuration and information displayed in the map of the Nile (f. 30v-31) follows rather closely the description given in al-Ḫwārizmī’s text. The Makurian capital, Dongola (''Dunqula''), is located on an island formed by the junction of the Nile with an eastern tributary (the Ptolemean Astapous/Astaboras, i.e. the Atbara) : the famous « island of Meroe » of the Ancient writers. The land of Nubia (''bilād al-Nūba'') lies south-east of this island, between the two rivers, whereas the name of ʿAlwa appears a bit to the east of the Atbara.		'''Remarks:''' note that the only extant ms of al-Ḫwārizmī’s ''Kitāb Ṣūrat alʾArḍ'', now kept in the Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg, contains a set of four maps that remain to this day the earliest preserved maps from the Islamic world. Although they were probably not part of the original composition, the configuration and information displayed in the map of the Nile (f. 30v-31) follows rather closely the description given in al-Ḫwārizmī’s text. The Makurian capital, Dongola (''Dunqula''), is located on an island formed by the junction of the Nile with an eastern tributary (the Ptolemean Astapous/Astaboras, i.e. the Atbara) representing the famous « island of Meroe » of the Ancient writers. The land of Nubia (''bilād al-Nūba'') lies south-east of this island, between the two rivers, whereas the name of ʿAlwa appears a bit to the east of the Atbara.

	'''Concordance :'''		'''Concordance :'''