Al-Bakri - Revision history

Adam Simmons at 20:04, 18 February 2015

2015-02-18T20:04:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:04, 18 February 2015
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	[Description of the Qos-~~Aydhab~~ Route.]		[Description of the Qos-'Aydhāb Route.]

	From this Oasis (''al-Wāḥ'') to the other two outer Oases (''al-wahāyn al-khārijayn'') there are three stopping-places. There the country of Islam ends. Between it and the country of the Nūba there are six stopping-places across the desert. (Ar.Ist.I, II, p. 149).		From this Oasis (''al-Wāḥ'') to the other two outer Oases (''al-wahāyn al-khārijayn'') there are three stopping-places. There the country of Islam ends. Between it and the country of the Nūba there are six stopping-places across the desert. (Ar.Ist.I, II, p. 149).
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	Between Aswān and the town of ''Sūrī'' (? or ''Surā''? ''Sawrā'')<ref>All the Arab writers mention "''al-Qaṣr''" as the first Nubian locality. Probably "''Sūrī''" is a misreading for "al-Qasr".</ref>, where the territory of Nubia begins, there is a desert inhabited by nomads (''a'rāb'') called Banī Jamāl, Banī Hilāl, Banī Kināna and Banī Juhaina: they pay tithes to the Lord (''sahīb'') of Egypt.		Between Aswān and the town of ''Sūrī'' (? or ''Surā''? ''Sawrā'')<ref>All the Arab writers mention "''al-Qaṣr''" as the first Nubian locality. Probably "''Sūrī''" is a misreading for "al-Qasr".</ref>, where the territory of Nubia begins, there is a desert inhabited by nomads (''a'rāb'') called Banī Jamāl, Banī Hilāl, Banī Kināna and Banī Juhaina: they pay tithes to the Lord (''sahīb'') of Egypt.

	At Aswān begins the desert which extends as far as the coast of the Red Sea (''bahr an-Na'm'', or ''b. an-nu’m'') to a town on the Red Sea called ''ʿAdhdhāb''.<ref>"''Adhdhāb''" is consistently found in the printed editions of Al-Bakri instead of ʿ''~~Aydhab~~''.</ref> It is a desert in which various tribes of the ''Sūdān'' such as the Beja roam. The mosque of an-nardīnī (''ar-rudaynī'')<ref>A misreading for the Arabic script of "''ar-rudaynī''".</ref> is the last post dependent on Aswan and a station for the horses (''ribāt'') of Aswan. (MC 730 v).		At Aswān begins the desert which extends as far as the coast of the Red Sea (''bahr an-Na'm'', or ''b. an-nu’m'') to a town on the Red Sea called ''ʿAdhdhāb''.<ref>"''Adhdhāb''" is consistently found in the printed editions of Al-Bakri instead of ʿ''Aydhāb''.</ref> It is a desert in which various tribes of the ''Sūdān'' such as the Beja roam. The mosque of an-nardīnī (''ar-rudaynī'')<ref>A misreading for the Arabic script of "''ar-rudaynī''".</ref> is the last post dependent on Aswan and a station for the horses (''ribāt'') of Aswan. (MC 730 v).

	[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]		[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]

Adam Simmons at 20:03, 18 February 2015

2015-02-18T20:03:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:03, 18 February 2015
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	AL-BAKRĪ		AL-BAKRĪ

	(1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.		''(1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.''

	''Abū 'Ubayd 'Abdallah b. 'Abd al-'Azīz b. Mus'ab al-Bakrī. An Arab-Spanish geographer, traveller and philologist from Cordoba.		''Abū 'Ubayd 'Abdallah b. 'Abd al-'Azīz b. Mus'ab al-Bakrī. An Arab-Spanish geographer, traveller and philologist from Cordoba.''

	El (s.v.); GAL 2, 297		''EI (s.v.); GAL 2, 297''

	''K. al-masālik wa-l-mamālik'' ("A Book of Kingdoms and Routes")		''K. al-masālik wa-l-mamālik ("A Book of Kingdoms and Routes")''

	MS.: London, Brit.Mus. MS 374.		''MS.: London, Brit.Mus. MS 374.''

	Ed.: (partly, with French transl.): McGuckin de Slane, Algiers 1857, Paris 1913.		''Ed.: (partly, with French transl.): McGuckin de Slane, Algiers 1857, Paris 1913.''

	Exc.: from MS and de Slane: MC fols. 730 - 740; Ar. Ist.II, 149-190.		''Exc.: from MS and de Slane: MC fols. 730 - 740; Ar. Ist.II, 149-190.''

			''T.: Ar.Ist. (de Slane and MC) A:0''

	~~T.: Ar.Ist. (de Slane and MC) A:0''~~

	[Description of the Qos-Aydhab Route.]		[Description of the Qos-Aydhab Route.]

Seignobos at 14:45, 17 February 2015

2015-02-17T14:45:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:45, 17 February 2015
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	(1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.		(1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.

	''Abū ~~Udayd~~ '~~Abdalla~~ b. Abd al-'~~Aziz~~ b. Mus'ab al-Bakrī. An Arab-Spanish geographer, traveller and philologist from Cordoba.		''Abū 'Ubayd 'Abdallah b. 'Abd al-'Azīz b. Mus'ab al-Bakrī. An Arab-Spanish geographer, traveller and philologist from Cordoba.

	El (s.v.); GAL 2, 297		El (s.v.); GAL 2, 297
	K. al-~~masalik~~ wa-l-~~mamalik~~ ("A Book of Kingdoms and Routes")
			''K. al-masālik wa-l-mamālik'' ("A Book of Kingdoms and Routes")

	MS.: London, Brit.Mus. MS 374.		MS.: London, Brit.Mus. MS 374.
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	Ed.: (partly, with French transl.): McGuckin de Slane, Algiers 1857, Paris 1913.		Ed.: (partly, with French transl.): McGuckin de Slane, Algiers 1857, Paris 1913.

	Exc.: from MS and de Slane: MC fols. 730 - 740; Ar.		Exc.: from MS and de Slane: MC fols. 730 - 740; Ar. Ist.II, 149-190.
	~~1st~~.II, 149-190.

	T.: Ar.Ist. (de Slane and MC) A:0''		T.: Ar.Ist. (de Slane and MC) A:0''
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	The regions (''kuwar'') of Miṣr, ... Nūba, ... Dunqula ... (MC 7 30 r)		The regions (''kuwar'') of Miṣr, ... Nūba, ... Dunqula ... (MC 7 30 r)

	The town of Qos is situated on the bank of the Nile between Aswān and Akhmim. The distance between it (Qos) and Aswān is three days' journey. It is a big town with extensive ancient ruins (''āthār''). ... Between Qos and Aswān there are caverns excavated in the mountains, where there are tombs of dead from which [piss] asphalt (''al-mūmyā'') of good quality is extracted. They find this in the decayed bones (''rimam'') and between the shrouds of the '''[p. 243]''' dead. It is said that in the desert which stretches from Qos to Aswān there is a mountain with a mine of green emeralds (''az-zumurrud al-akḥdar''). But the danger arising from the fear of the ''Bujāh'', the Nūba, and other tribes of Nuba and Arabs who dwell in those plains, prevents (travellers) from visiting the mine, besides the fact that the caverns of that desert are distant and sanded up, and have been abandoned because of their remoteness from any inhabited country. (MC 730 v).		The town of Qos is situated on the bank of the Nile between Aswān and Akhmim. The distance between it [Qos] and Aswān is three days' journey. It is a big town with extensive ancient ruins (''āthār''). ... Between Qos and Aswān there are caverns excavated in the mountains, where there are tombs of dead from which [piss] asphalt (''al-mūmyā'') of good quality is extracted. They find this in the decayed bones (''rimam'') and between the shrouds of the '''[p. 243]''' dead. It is said that in the desert which stretches from Qos to Aswān there is a mountain with a mine of green emeralds (''az-zumurrud al-akḥdar''). But the danger arising from the fear of the ''Bujāh'', the Nūba, and other tribes of Nuba and Arabs who dwell in those plains, prevents [travellers] from visiting the mine, besides the fact that the caverns of that desert are distant and sanded up, and have been abandoned because of their remoteness from any inhabited country. (MC 730 v).

	The town of Aswān is the last town of Islam and a defense post for the (other) towns of Egypt. It has connections with Nubia. (MC 730 v).		The town of Aswān is the last town of Islam and a defense post for the [other] towns of Egypt. It has connections with Nubia. (MC 730 v).

	Between Aswān and the town of ''Sūrī'' (? or ''Surā''? ''Sawrā'')<ref>All the Arab writers mention "''al-~~Qasr~~''" as the first Nubian locality. Probably "''Sūrī''" is a misreading for "al-Qasr".</ref>, where the territory of Nubia begins, there is a desert inhabited by nomads (''a'rāb'') called Banī Jamāl, Banī Hilāl, Banī Kināna and Banī Juhaina: they pay tithes to the Lord (''sahīb'') of Egypt.		Between Aswān and the town of ''Sūrī'' (? or ''Surā''? ''Sawrā'')<ref>All the Arab writers mention "''al-Qaṣr''" as the first Nubian locality. Probably "''Sūrī''" is a misreading for "al-Qasr".</ref>, where the territory of Nubia begins, there is a desert inhabited by nomads (''a'rāb'') called Banī Jamāl, Banī Hilāl, Banī Kināna and Banī Juhaina: they pay tithes to the Lord (''sahīb'') of Egypt.

	At Aswān begins the desert which extends as far as the coast of the Red Sea (''bahr an-Na'm'', or ''b. an-nu’m'') to a town on the Red Sea called ''ʿAdhdhāb''.<ref>"''Adhdhāb''" is consistently found in the printed editions of Al-Bakri instead of ʿ''Aydhab''.</ref> It is a desert in which various tribes of the ''Sūdān'' such as the Beja roam. The mosque of an-nardīnī (''ar-rudaynī'')<ref>A misreading for the Arabic script of "''ar-rudaynī''".</ref> is the last post dependent on Aswan and a station for the horses (''ribāt'') of Aswan. (MC 730 v).		At Aswān begins the desert which extends as far as the coast of the Red Sea (''bahr an-Na'm'', or ''b. an-nu’m'') to a town on the Red Sea called ''ʿAdhdhāb''.<ref>"''Adhdhāb''" is consistently found in the printed editions of Al-Bakri instead of ʿ''Aydhab''.</ref> It is a desert in which various tribes of the ''Sūdān'' such as the Beja roam. The mosque of an-nardīnī (''ar-rudaynī'')<ref>A misreading for the Arabic script of "''ar-rudaynī''".</ref> is the last post dependent on Aswan and a station for the horses (''ribāt'') of Aswan. (MC 730 v).

	[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]		[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]
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	‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for 'the pilgrims, for '''[p. 244]''' those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called ''Banī Būlos'': it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...		‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for 'the pilgrims, for '''[p. 244]''' those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called ''Banī Būlos'': it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...

	From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' ~~Journey~~ across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen themselves travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after ''al-'Allāqī'' ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed (''nahr'') called 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.		From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' journey across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen themselves travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after ''al-'Allāqī'' ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed (''nahr'') called 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.

	In this plain, from ''Aswān'' to ʿ''Adhdhāb'' and further on to ''Ra’s al-Maldam'' there are elephants and giraffes found. To the west of Aswān lies the island of ''Bilāq'' surrounded by the Nile; on it there is a town with a mosque and Muslim townsmen from the country of Miṣr and from Aswān. This island is situated in a place called the cataracts (''al-Janādil''). (Ar.Ist. II, pp. 167 - 168; MC fol. 730 v.).		In this plain, from ''Aswān'' to ʿ''Adhdhāb'' and further on to ''Ra’s al-Maldam'' there are elephants and giraffes found. To the west of Aswān lies the island of ''Bilāq'' surrounded by the Nile; on it there is a town with a mosque and Muslim townsmen from the country of Miṣr and from Aswān. This island is situated in a place called the cataracts (''al-Janādil''). (Ar.Ist. II, pp. 167 - 168; MC fol. 730 v.).

Seignobos at 17:22, 9 February 2015

2015-02-09T17:22:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 9 February 2015
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	The regions (''kuwar'') of Miṣr, ... Nūba, ... Dunqula ... (MC 7 30 r)		The regions (''kuwar'') of Miṣr, ... Nūba, ... Dunqula ... (MC 7 30 r)

	The town of Qos is situated on the bank of the Nile between Aswān and ~~Akhim~~. The distance between it (Qos) and Aswān is three days' journey. It is a big town with extensive ancient ruins (''āthār''). ... Between Qos and Aswān there are caverns excavated in the mountains, where there are tombs of dead from which [piss] asphalt (''al-mūmyā'') of good quality is extracted. They find this in the decayed bones (''rimam'') and between the shrouds of the '''[p. 243]''' dead. It is said that in the desert which stretches from Qos to Aswān there is a mountain with a mine of green emeralds (''az-zumurrud al-akḥdar''). But the danger arising from the fear of the ''Bujāh'', the Nūba, and other tribes of Nuba and Arabs who dwell in those plains, prevents (travellers) from visiting the mine, besides the fact that the caverns of that desert are distant and sanded up, and have been abandoned because of their remoteness from any inhabited country. (MC 730 v).		The town of Qos is situated on the bank of the Nile between Aswān and Akhmim. The distance between it (Qos) and Aswān is three days' journey. It is a big town with extensive ancient ruins (''āthār''). ... Between Qos and Aswān there are caverns excavated in the mountains, where there are tombs of dead from which [piss] asphalt (''al-mūmyā'') of good quality is extracted. They find this in the decayed bones (''rimam'') and between the shrouds of the '''[p. 243]''' dead. It is said that in the desert which stretches from Qos to Aswān there is a mountain with a mine of green emeralds (''az-zumurrud al-akḥdar''). But the danger arising from the fear of the ''Bujāh'', the Nūba, and other tribes of Nuba and Arabs who dwell in those plains, prevents (travellers) from visiting the mine, besides the fact that the caverns of that desert are distant and sanded up, and have been abandoned because of their remoteness from any inhabited country. (MC 730 v).

	The town of Aswān is the last town of Islam and a defense post for the (other) towns of Egypt. It has connections with Nubia. (MC 730 v).		The town of Aswān is the last town of Islam and a defense post for the (other) towns of Egypt. It has connections with Nubia. (MC 730 v).

Adam Simmons at 15:28, 9 February 2015

2015-02-09T15:28:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:28, 9 February 2015
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	'''[p. 242-244]'''		'''[pp. 242-244]'''

	AL-BAKRĪ		AL-BAKRĪ
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	[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]		[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]

	‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for 'the pilgrims, for ''[p. 244]''' those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called ''Banī Būlos'': it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...		‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for 'the pilgrims, for '''[p. 244]''' those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called ''Banī Būlos'': it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...

	From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' Journey across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen themselves travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after ''al-'Allāqī'' ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed (''nahr'') called 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.		From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' Journey across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen themselves travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after ''al-'Allāqī'' ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed (''nahr'') called 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.

Seignobos at 15:56, 8 February 2015

2015-02-08T15:56:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:56, 8 February 2015
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	'''[p. 242-244]'''		'''[p. 242-244]'''

	Al-~~Βakri~~		AL-BAKRĪ

	(1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.		(1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.

Seignobos at 11:26, 30 October 2014

2014-10-30T11:26:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:26, 30 October 2014
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	‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for 'the pilgrims, for ''[p. 244]''' those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called ''Banī Būlos'': it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...		‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for 'the pilgrims, for ''[p. 244]''' those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called ''Banī Būlos'': it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...

	From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' Journey across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen themselves travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after ''al-'Allāqī'' ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed ('nahr'') called 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.		From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' Journey across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen themselves travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after ''al-'Allāqī'' ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed (''nahr'') called 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.

	In this plain, from ''Aswān'' to ʿ''Adhdhāb'' and further on to ''Ra’s al-Maldam'' there are elephants and giraffes found. To the west of Aswān lies the island of ''Bilāq'' surrounded by the Nile; on it there is a town with a mosque and Muslim townsmen from the country of Miṣr and from Aswān. This island is situated in a place called the cataracts (''al-Janādil''). (Ar.Ist. II, pp. 167 - 168; MC fol. 730 v.).		In this plain, from ''Aswān'' to ʿ''Adhdhāb'' and further on to ''Ra’s al-Maldam'' there are elephants and giraffes found. To the west of Aswān lies the island of ''Bilāq'' surrounded by the Nile; on it there is a town with a mosque and Muslim townsmen from the country of Miṣr and from Aswān. This island is situated in a place called the cataracts (''al-Janādil''). (Ar.Ist. II, pp. 167 - 168; MC fol. 730 v.).

Seignobos at 11:16, 30 October 2014

2014-10-30T11:16:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:16, 30 October 2014
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	~~Al—Βakri~~ (1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.		'''[p. 242-244]'''

			Al-Βakri

			(1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.

	''Abū Udayd 'Abdalla b. Abd al-'Aziz b. Mus'ab al-Bakrī. An Arab-Spanish geographer, traveller and philologist from Cordoba.		''Abū Udayd 'Abdalla b. Abd al-'Aziz b. Mus'ab al-Bakrī. An Arab-Spanish geographer, traveller and philologist from Cordoba.

	El (s.v.); GAL 2, 297		El (s.v.); GAL 2, 297
	K. al-masalik wa-l-mamalik ("A Book of Kingdoms and ~~Rou¬tes~~")		K. al-masalik wa-l-mamalik ("A Book of Kingdoms and Routes")

	MS.: London, Brit.Mus. MS 374.		MS.: London, Brit.Mus. MS 374.

	Ed.: (partly, with French transl.): McGuckin de Slane, Algiers 1857, Paris 1913.		Ed.: (partly, with French transl.): McGuckin de Slane, Algiers 1857, Paris 1913.

	Exc.: from MS and de Slane: MC fols. 730 - 740; Ar.		Exc.: from MS and de Slane: MC fols. 730 - 740; Ar.
	1st.II, 149-190.		1st.II, 149-190.
	~~T.: Ar.Ist. (de Slane and MC) A:0~~
	~~[Description of the Qos-Aydhab Route.]''~~

	From this Oasis (al-Wāḥ) to the other two outer Oases (al-wahāyn al-khārijayn) there are three stopping-places. There the country of Islam ends. Between it and the country of the Nūba there are six stopping-places across the desert. (Ar.Ist.I, II, p. 149).		T.: Ar.Ist. (de Slane and MC) A:0''
	The regions (kuwar) of Miṣr, ... Nūba, ... Dunqula ... (MC 7 30 r)
			[Description of the Qos-Aydhab Route.]

			From this Oasis (''al-Wāḥ'') to the other two outer Oases (''al-wahāyn al-khārijayn'') there are three stopping-places. There the country of Islam ends. Between it and the country of the Nūba there are six stopping-places across the desert. (Ar.Ist.I, II, p. 149).

			The regions (''kuwar'') of Miṣr, ... Nūba, ... Dunqula ... (MC 7 30 r)

	The town of Qos is situated on the bank of the Nile between Aswān and Akhim. The distance between it (Qos) and Aswān is three days' journey. It is a big town with extensive ancient ruins (āthār). ... Between Qos and Aswān there are caverns excavated in the mountains, where there are tombs of dead from which [piss] asphalt (al-mūmyā) of good quality is extracted. They find this in the decayed bones (rimam) and between the shrouds of the dead. It is said that in the desert which stretches from Qos to Aswān there is a .mountain with a mine of green emeralds (az-zumurrud al-akḥdar). But the danger arising from the fear of the Bujāh, the Nūba, and other tribes of ~~Nūba~~ and Arabs who dwell in those plains, ~~pre¬vents~~ (travellers) from visiting the mine, besides the fact that the caverns of that desert are distant and sanded up, and have been abandoned because of their remoteness from any inhabited country. (MC 730 v).		The town of Qos is situated on the bank of the Nile between Aswān and Akhim. The distance between it (Qos) and Aswān is three days' journey. It is a big town with extensive ancient ruins (''āthār''). ... Between Qos and Aswān there are caverns excavated in the mountains, where there are tombs of dead from which [piss] asphalt (''al-mūmyā'') of good quality is extracted. They find this in the decayed bones (''rimam'') and between the shrouds of the '''[p. 243]''' dead. It is said that in the desert which stretches from Qos to Aswān there is a mountain with a mine of green emeralds (''az-zumurrud al-akḥdar''). But the danger arising from the fear of the ''Bujāh'', the Nūba, and other tribes of Nuba and Arabs who dwell in those plains, prevents (travellers) from visiting the mine, besides the fact that the caverns of that desert are distant and sanded up, and have been abandoned because of their remoteness from any inhabited country. (MC 730 v).

	The town of Aswān is the last town of Islam and a defense post for the (other) towns of Egypt. It has connections with Nubia. (MC 730 v).		The town of Aswān is the last town of Islam and a defense post for the (other) towns of Egypt. It has connections with Nubia. (MC 730 v).

	Between Aswān and the town of Sūrī (? or Surā? Sawrā), where the territory of Nubia begins, there is a desert inhabited by nomads (a'rāb) called Banī Jamāl, Banī Hilāl, Banī Kināna and Banī Juhaina: they pay tithes to the Lord (~~sahib~~) of Egypt.		Between Aswān and the town of ''Sūrī'' (? or ''Surā''? ''Sawrā'')<ref>All the Arab writers mention "''al-Qasr''" as the first Nubian locality. Probably "''Sūrī''" is a misreading for "al-Qasr".</ref>, where the territory of Nubia begins, there is a desert inhabited by nomads (''a'rāb'') called Banī Jamāl, Banī Hilāl, Banī Kināna and Banī Juhaina: they pay tithes to the Lord (''sahīb'') of Egypt.

	At Aswān begins the desert which extends as far as the coast of the Red Sea (bahr an-Na'm, or b. an-nu’m) to a town on the Red Sea called 'Adhdhāb. It is a desert in which various tribes of the Sūdān such as the Beja roam. The mosque of an-nardīnī (ar-rudaynī) is the last post dependent on Aswan and a station for the horses (ribāt) of Aswan. (MC 730 v).		At Aswān begins the desert which extends as far as the coast of the Red Sea (''bahr an-Na'm'', or ''b. an-nu’m'') to a town on the Red Sea called ''ʿAdhdhāb''.<ref>"''Adhdhāb''" is consistently found in the printed editions of Al-Bakri instead of ʿ''Aydhab''.</ref> It is a desert in which various tribes of the ''Sūdān'' such as the Beja roam. The mosque of an-nardīnī (''ar-rudaynī'')<ref>A misreading for the Arabic script of "''ar-rudaynī''".</ref> is the last post dependent on Aswan and a station for the horses (''ribāt'') of Aswan. (MC 730 v).

	[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]		[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]

	‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for the pilgrims, for those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called Banī Būlos: it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...		‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for 'the pilgrims, for ''[p. 244]''' those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called ''Banī Būlos'': it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...

	From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' Journey across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen ~~them¬selves~~ travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after al-'Allāqī ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed (nahr) ~~cal¬led~~ 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.		From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' Journey across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen themselves travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after ''al-'Allāqī'' ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed ('nahr'') called 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.

	In this plain, from Aswān to 'Adhdhāb and further on to Ra’s al-Maldam there are elephants and giraffes found. To the west of Aswān lies the island of Bilāq surrounded by the Nile; on it there is a town with a mosque and Muslim townsmen from the country of Miṣr and from Aswān.		In this plain, from ''Aswān'' to ʿ''Adhdhāb'' and further on to ''Ra’s al-Maldam'' there are elephants and giraffes found. To the west of Aswān lies the island of ''Bilāq'' surrounded by the Nile; on it there is a town with a mosque and Muslim townsmen from the country of Miṣr and from Aswān. This island is situated in a place called the cataracts (''al-Janādil''). (Ar.Ist. II, pp. 167 - 168; MC fol. 730 v.).

	~~This island is situated in a place called the cataracts (al-Janādil). (Ar.Ist. II, pp. 167 - 168; MC fol. 730 v.).~~		<references/>

	[[Category:Literary Sources]]		[[Category:Literary Sources]]

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Al—Βakri (1028-1094 A.D.) 1067 A.D.

''Abū Udayd 'Abdalla b. Abd al-'Aziz b. Mus'ab al-Bakrī. An Arab-Spanish geographer, traveller and philologist from Cordoba.

El (s.v.); GAL 2, 297
K. al-masalik wa-l-mamalik ("A Book of Kingdoms and Rou¬tes")
MS.: London, Brit.Mus. MS 374.
Ed.: (partly, with French transl.): McGuckin de Slane, Algiers 1857, Paris 1913.
Exc.: from MS and de Slane: MC fols. 730 - 740; Ar.
1st.II, 149-190.
T.: Ar.Ist. (de Slane and MC) A:0
[Description of the Qos-Aydhab Route.]''

From this Oasis (al-Wāḥ) to the other two outer Oases (al-wahāyn al-khārijayn) there are three stopping-places. There the country of Islam ends. Between it and the country of the Nūba there are six stopping-places across the desert. (Ar.Ist.I, II, p. 149).
The regions (kuwar) of Miṣr, ... Nūba, ... Dunqula ... (MC 7 30 r)

The town of Qos is situated on the bank of the Nile between Aswān and Akhim. The distance between it (Qos) and Aswān is three days' journey. It is a big town with extensive ancient ruins (āthār). ... Between Qos and Aswān there are caverns excavated in the mountains, where there are tombs of dead from which [piss] asphalt (al-mūmyā) of good quality is extracted. They find this in the decayed bones (rimam) and between the shrouds of the dead. It is said that in the desert which stretches from Qos to Aswān there is a .mountain with a mine of green emeralds (az-zumurrud al-akḥdar). But the danger arising from the fear of the Bujāh, the Nūba, and other tribes of Nūba and Arabs who dwell in those plains, pre¬vents (travellers) from visiting the mine, besides the fact that the caverns of that desert are distant and sanded up, and have been abandoned because of their remoteness from any inhabited country. (MC 730 v).

The town of Aswān is the last town of Islam and a defense post for the (other) towns of Egypt. It has connections with Nubia. (MC 730 v).

Between Aswān and the town of Sūrī (? or Surā? Sawrā), where the territory of Nubia begins, there is a desert inhabited by nomads (a'rāb) called Banī Jamāl, Banī Hilāl, Banī Kināna and Banī Juhaina: they pay tithes to the Lord (sahib) of Egypt.

At Aswān begins the desert which extends as far as the coast of the Red Sea (bahr an-Na'm, or b. an-nu’m) to a town on the Red Sea called 'Adhdhāb. It is a desert in which various tribes of the Sūdān such as the Beja roam. The mosque of an-nardīnī (ar-rudaynī) is the last post dependent on Aswan and a station for the horses (ribāt) of Aswan. (MC 730 v).

[The route from Aswan to ‘Adhdhāb]

‘Adhdhāb is a town lying on the western coast of the sea. It is an embarkation port for the pilgrims, for those who go to Yemen and in other directions. It is inhabited by a tribe called Banī Būlos: it is said that these belong to the Bujāh, but others claim that they are related to the Arabs and that they actually are the Marāzīyyah, a section which was expelled by Abū Bakr as-Siddīq ...

From 'Adhdhāb to Aswān there are two routes: one is called Al-Waḍaḥ and is an 18 days' Journey across deserts and barren sands. These sands contain a little water; they are loose sands, blown by the winds so that the tracks are quickly effaced and nobody can take the correct direction on a footpath or a track; camelmen them¬selves travel on this desert trusting their she-camels which feel the route, and allow themselves to be guided by them. The other route is that called after al-'Allāqī ... which is also 18 stations; it is completely isolated. It is called after a river bed (nahr) cal¬led 'Allāqī. This town is rich with pomegranates and produces them in abundance: it also has a large number of inhabitants who claim descent from the Arab tribe of Kalb ibn Wabrah. They behave properly with travellers and protect them. Most of the mountains along this road contain gold and silver mines. The mountains which are of difficult access are inhabited by the Bujāh, some of whom are Muslims, and trade with those who happen to pass through that region.

In this plain, from Aswān to 'Adhdhāb and further on to Ra’s al-Maldam there are elephants and giraffes found. To the west of Aswān lies the island of Bilāq surrounded by the Nile; on it there is a town with a mosque and Muslim townsmen from the country of Miṣr and from Aswān.

This island is situated in a place called the cataracts (al-Janādil). (Ar.Ist. II, pp. 167 - 168; MC fol. 730 v.).

[[Category:Literary Sources]]