Abd al-Hakam - Revision history

Adam Simmons at 15:20, 9 February 2015

2015-02-09T15:20:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 9 February 2015
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	'''[p. 56-59]'''		'''[pp. 56-59]'''

	Abū-l-Qāsim ‘Ar. B. 'Al. B. 'Abd Al-Hakam		Abū-l-Qāsim ‘Ar. B. 'Al. B. 'Abd Al-Hakam

Seignobos at 20:58, 25 November 2014

2014-11-25T20:58:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:58, 25 November 2014
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	~~Abū~~-~~l-Qāsim ‘Ar. B.~~ '~~Al. B.~~ '~~Abd Al-Hakam (d. 871 A.D.)~~		'''[p. 56-59]'''

	''~~Son of the head of the malikitic school of Law in Egypt.~~		Abū-l-Qāsim ‘Ar. B. 'Al. B. 'Abd Al-Hakam

	K. al-Futūh		(d. 871 A.D.)

			Son of the head of the malikitic school of Law in Egypt.

			''K. al-Futūh''

	Sezgin 1, 355 f; Et (Ibn Abd al-Hakam).		Sezgin 1, 355 f; Et (Ibn Abd al-Hakam).
	~~Ed.s Ch. C. Torrey, The History of the Conquest of Egypt. North Africa and Spain known as the "Futūh Miṣr" of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam. Yale Or. Res. Ser. Ill, New Haven 1922.~~

	T.: Torrey ~~A:0~~''		Ed.s Ch. C. Torrey, ''The History of the Conquest of Egypt''. ''North Africa and Spain known as the "Futūh Miṣr" of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam'', Yale Or. Res. Ser. Ill, New Haven 1922.

	~~(Sa'īd b~~. ~~'Ufayr) said~~: - 'Amrū b. al-'Ās sent Nāfi' ibn 'Abd al-Qays al-Fihrī, who was his half-brother. Their cavalry entered the land of Nūba like the summer expeditions of the Rūm (sawā'if ar-rūm) and they remained at war until 'Amrū was deposed from the governorship of Miṣr, and 'Abdalla b. Sa'd took over and signed a peace-treaty with them. God willing, we shall discuss this in its proper place'. (Torrey~~, pp. 169 - 170).~~		T.: Torrey A:0

	'~~Abdalla~~ b. Sa'~~d raided~~ the ~~Blacks~~ (~~ssāwid~~) ~~who are~~ the ~~Nūba~~, ~~according to what Yahyā~~ b. '~~Abdalla Ibn Bukayr told us~~, in ~~the year 31~~ (~~652 A.D~~.).		(Sa'īd b. 'Ufayr) said: - 'Amrū b. al-'Ās sent Nāfi' ibn 'Abd al-Qays al-Fihrī, who was his half-brother. Their cavalry entered the land of Nūba like the summer expeditions of the Rūm (''sawā'if<ref>“Sawā’if” (summer expeditions) is the lesson in all the earliest Arab writers. As-Suyūtī (+1515) has tawā’if (“gangs”).</ref> ar-rūm'') and they remained at war until 'Amrū was deposed from the governorship of Miṣr, and 'Abdalla b. Sa'd took over and signed a peace-treaty with them. God willing, we shall discuss this in its proper place'. (Torrey, pp. 169 - 170).

	~~'Abd al-Malik b. Maslama said: — Ibn Lahī'a reported the following statement made by Yazīd b. Abī Habīb: -~~ 'Abdalla b. Sa'd ~~b. Abī Sarh was~~ the ~~agent~~ ('~~āmil~~) of '~~Uthmān in Egypt~~ in the year 31 ~~when the Nubians attacked him~~.		'Abdalla b. Sa'd raided the Blacks (''asāwid'') who are the Nūba, according to what Yahyā b. 'Abdalla Ibn Bukayr told us, in the year 31 (652 A.D.).

	Ibn Lahī'a reported the following statement ~~from Al-Hārith Ibn~~ Yazīd~~: They (the Muslims) fought a hard fight. On that day many were hit in their eyes, such as Mu'āwiya~~ b. ~~Hudayj and ’Alī Shamir b. Abraha and Haywil b. Nashir. The Nubians were nicknamed "the pupils~~-~~smiters". After that~~ 'Abdalla b. Sa'd ~~signed a truce with them, as he~~ was ~~not able to defeat them~~.		'Abd al-Malik b. Maslama said: — Ibn Lahī'a reported the following statement made by Yazīd b. Abī Habīb: - 'Abdalla b. Sa'd b. Abī Sarh was the agent (''ʿāmil'') of 'Uthmān in Egypt in the year 31 when the Nubians attacked him.

	~~The poet said~~: ~~"My eye never witnessed~~ a day ~~like Dumqalah’s when the horses~~ were ~~advancing clad~~ in ~~heavy breast~~-~~plates~~."		'''[p. 57]''' Ibn Lahī'a reported the following statement from Al-Hārith Ibn Yazīd: They (the Muslims) fought a hard fight. On that day many were hit in their eyes, such as Mu'āwiya b. Hudayj and ’Alī Shamir b. Abraha and Haywil b. Nashir. The Nubians were nicknamed "the pupils-smiters". After that 'Abdalla b. Sa'd signed a truce with them, as he was not able to defeat them.
	~~Ibn Abī Habīb reported~~ that ~~(’Abdalla) made~~ a ~~peace agreement (hudna)~~ with them, ~~on the condition that they would~~ not invade each other’s country, the Nūba would give the Muslims every year a certain number of captives (sabī) and the Muslims would give the Nūba a specified quantity of wheat and of lentils every year.

	Ibn Abī Habīb said: There existed no treaty (~~‘ahd~~) or written agreement (mīthāq) between them and the people of Egypt, but only a truce of security (hudnat amān).		The poet said: "My eye never witnessed a day like Dumqalah’s<ref>Here “''Dumqala''” (instead of Dunqula) is a rhyme with the end of the next hemistich “''muthqala''”.</ref> when the horses were advancing clad in heavy breast-plates."

			Ibn Abī Habīb reported that (’Abdalla) made a peace agreement (''hudna'')<ref>“Hudna” is the “legal instrument of peace” in Islamic Law. Its effect is to suspend hostilities and to provide prerequisite conditions for a peace-agreement between Muslims and non-Muslims, without the latter’s territory becoming ''dār-al-islām''. (Enc. Of Islam). Preliminary negotiations leading to “''hudna''” are called “muhādana”, “musālaha”, “muwādi’a”.</ref> with them, on the condition that they would not invade each other’s country, the Nūba would give the Muslims every year a certain number of captives (''sabī'') and the Muslims would give the Nūba a specified quantity of wheat and of lentils every year.

			Ibn Abī Habīb said: There existed no treaty (''ʿahd'') or written agreement (''mīthāq'') between them and the people of Egypt, but only a truce of security (''hudnat amān'').

	Ibn Lahī'a said: They (the Nubians) have no objections if slaves are bought from them or from others. Abū Habīb, the father of Yazīd Ibn Habīb, whose nickname was Suwayd, was one of them.		Ibn Lahī'a said: They (the Nubians) have no objections if slaves are bought from them or from others. Abū Habīb, the father of Yazīd Ibn Habīb, whose nickname was Suwayd, was one of them.

	Sa'īd Ibn 'Ufayr told us [the following statement he had] from Ibn Lahī'a: - I heard Yazīd b. Abī Habīb sayings 'My father was a captive from Dunqula, a slave of Sharīk b. Ṭufayl, a man from the Banī 'Amīr of Medina. He also said: - 'The (condition) laid down for peace- agreement with the Nūba was, according to the statement of some shaykhs from Miṣr, that they supply 360 slaves every year; [someone] said that the number required was 400 every year, of whom 360 to the Treasury (~~fay’~~) of the Muslims and forty to the wālī of the country. Some shaykhs claimed that seventeen of them were foster women. Then 'Abdalla b. Sa'd left them. The aforesaid shaykhs said that he (Yazīd) pursued some official papers at the Fusṭāṭ offices (dawāwīn), before they were destroyed, and memorised the following: - 'We made a treaty (~~‘ahd~~) with you and signed an agreement (~~‘aqd~~) to the effect that you give us 360 slaves (ra’s) every year and that you (Nubians) enter our countries as travellers, not as settlers, and we also enter your country in the same way; but if you kill a Muslim, the peace-agreement (hudna) is no more valid; likewise, if you give shelter to a slave of the Muslim, the truce is no more valid; you must hand back the fugitives (ubbāq) of the Muslims and any dhimmī who took refuge in your country'. He said that other shaykhs claimed that the Nūba had no (binding) tradition (sunna) with regard to the Muslims, and that they, the first year, sent the ~~baqt~~ and gave forty slaves as a present to 'Amrū Ibn al-'Ās. He refused to accept them and handed them back to the chief ('~~azīm~~) of the Copts, who was called Nastaqūs, who was the superintendent of the ~~baqt~~: he sold them and bought them [other] provisions (jahāz) and they protested (saying) that 'Amrū had sent them the wheat and horses and that they had been deprived by fraud of (part of) the wheat and horses; they discovered that fraud the first time and felt wronged. This is their story.		'''[p. 58]''' Sa'īd Ibn 'Ufayr told us [the following statement he had] from Ibn Lahī'a: - I heard Yazīd b. Abī Habīb sayings 'My father was a captive from Dunqula, a slave of Sharīk b. Ṭufayl, a man from the Banī 'Amīr of Medina. He also said: - 'The (condition) laid down for peace- agreement with the Nūba was, according to the statement of some shaykhs from Miṣr, that they supply 360 slaves every year; [someone] said that the number required was 400 every year, of whom 360 to the Treasury (''fayʾ'') of the Muslims and forty to the wālī of the country. Some shaykhs claimed that seventeen of them were foster women. Then 'Abdalla b. Sa'd left them. The aforesaid shaykhs said that he (Yazīd) pursued some official papers at the Fusṭāṭ offices (''dawāwīn''), before they were destroyed, and memorised the following: - 'We made a treaty (''ʿahd'') with you and signed an agreement (''ʿaqd'') to the effect that you give us 360 slaves (''ra’s'') every year and that you (Nubians) enter our countries as travellers, not as settlers, and we also enter your country in the same way; but if you kill a Muslim, the peace-agreement (''hudna'') is no more valid; likewise, if you give shelter to a slave of the Muslim, the truce is no more valid; you must hand back the fugitives (''ubbāq'') of the Muslims and any ''dhimmī'' who took refuge in your country'. He said that other shaykhs claimed that the Nūba had no [binding] tradition (''sunna'') with regard to the Muslims, and that they, the first year, sent the ''baqṭ'' and gave forty slaves as a present to 'Amrū Ibn al-'Ās. He refused to accept them and handed them back to the chief (''ʿazīm'') of the Copts, who was called Nastaqūs, who was the superintendent of the ''baqṭ'': he sold them and bought them<ref>Grammatically, the text is obscure, because it is not clear to what nouns (“Nubians”? “Copts”?), the pronouns (“to them”) are referred. It seems logical that the “fraud” discovered by the Nubians lies in the fact that Nastaqūs delivered to them provisions equivalent to the value of 360 slaves, and sold for his own profit the remaining 40 slaves, whom the emir had ordered to return to the Nubians.</ref> [other] provisions (''jahāz'') and '''[p. 59]''' they protested (saying) that 'Amrū had sent them the wheat and horses<ref>The Torrey edition had ''khayl'' (“horse”), which seems more likely to be the original word. Later Arab writers (whom Torrey supports in a footnote) read “''khall''” (“vinegar”). Balādhurī even specified “''khall khamr''” (“wine vinegar”).</ref> and that they had been deprived by fraud of (part of) the wheat and horses; they discovered that fraud the first time and felt wronged. This is their story.

	Then he resumed the story saying: - While he ('Abdalla b. Sa'd)' was coming back (to Egypt), the Beja gathered on the bank of the Nile: he inquired about them and was told about their country; he found it was not worthwhile attacking; so he went on and left them.		Then he resumed the story saying: - While he ('Abdalla b. Sa'd)' was coming back (to Egypt), the Beja gathered on the bank of the Nile: he inquired about them and was told about their country; he found it was not worthwhile attacking; so he went on and left them.

	The Muslims had no agreement ('~~aqd~~) or peace-treaty (sulh) with them. The first who made a peace-treaty (sulh) with them was 'Ubaydalla Ibn al-Ḥabḥāb. Some shaykhs, who claimed that they have read the text of al-Ḥabḥāb, said that it contained what follows: [They should deliver] 300 young men every year, so that they (Beja) be permitted to go to Upper Egypt (rīf). in transit, for trade purposes, without settling; that they should not kill any Muslim, or any dhimmī.- If they killed any, the agreement would cease; they should not offer shelter to any slaves ('~~abīd~~) of the Muslims, and should return their [the Muslims'] fugitives (ubbāq) if any of them ever went to their country. I came to know this in the days when (the agreement) was applied: for every sheep which a Bujāwī took, he had to pay four dīnārs, and for every cow, ten (dīnārs). Their representative (wakīl) was living in the Egyptian countryside (rīf) as a hostage to the Muslims. (pp. 188 – 189).		The Muslims had no agreement (''ʿaqd'') or peace-treaty (''sulh'') with them. The first who made a peace-treaty (''sulh'') with them was 'Ubaydalla Ibn al-Ḥabḥāb. Some shaykhs, who claimed that they have read the text of al-Ḥabḥāb, said that it contained what follows: [They should deliver] 300 young men every year, so that they (Beja) be permitted to go to Upper Egypt (''rīf''). in transit, for trade purposes, without settling; that they should not kill any Muslim, or any ''dhimmī''.- If they killed any, the agreement would cease; they should not offer shelter to any slaves (''ʿabīd'') of the Muslims, and should return their [the Muslims'] fugitives (''ubbāq'') if any of them ever went to their country. I came to know this in the days when (the agreement) was applied: for every sheep which a ''Bujāwī'' took, he had to pay four dīnārs, and for every cow, ten (dīnārs). Their representative (''wakīl'') was living in the Egyptian countryside (''rīf'') as a hostage to the Muslims. (pp. 188 – 189).

			<references/>

	[[Category:Literary Sources]]		[[Category:Literary Sources]]

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Abū-l-Qāsim ‘Ar. B. 'Al. B. 'Abd Al-Hakam (d. 871 A.D.)

''Son of the head of the malikitic school of Law in Egypt.

K. al-Futūh

Sezgin 1, 355 f; Et (Ibn Abd al-Hakam).
Ed.s Ch. C. Torrey, The History of the Conquest of Egypt. North Africa and Spain known as the "Futūh Miṣr" of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam. Yale Or. Res. Ser. Ill, New Haven 1922.

T.: Torrey A:0''

(Sa'īd b. 'Ufayr) said: - 'Amrū b. al-'Ās sent Nāfi' ibn 'Abd al-Qays al-Fihrī, who was his half-brother. Their cavalry entered the land of Nūba like the summer expeditions of the Rūm (sawā'if ar-rūm) and they remained at war until 'Amrū was deposed from the governorship of Miṣr, and 'Abdalla b. Sa'd took over and signed a peace-treaty with them. God willing, we shall discuss this in its proper place'. (Torrey, pp. 169 - 170).

'Abdalla b. Sa'd raided the Blacks (ssāwid) who are the Nūba, according to what Yahyā b. 'Abdalla Ibn Bukayr told us, in the year 31 (652 A.D.).

'Abd al-Malik b. Maslama said: — Ibn Lahī'a reported the following statement made by Yazīd b. Abī Habīb: - 'Abdalla b. Sa'd b. Abī Sarh was the agent ('āmil) of 'Uthmān in Egypt in the year 31 when the Nubians attacked him.

Ibn Lahī'a reported the following statement from Al-Hārith Ibn Yazīd: They (the Muslims) fought a hard fight. On that day many were hit in their eyes, such as Mu'āwiya b. Hudayj and ’Alī Shamir b. Abraha and Haywil b. Nashir. The Nubians were nicknamed "the pupils-smiters". After that 'Abdalla b. Sa'd signed a truce with them, as he was not able to defeat them.

The poet said: "My eye never witnessed a day like Dumqalah’s when the horses were advancing clad in heavy breast-plates."
Ibn Abī Habīb reported that (’Abdalla) made a peace agreement (hudna) with them, on the condition that they would not invade each other’s country, the Nūba would give the Muslims every year a certain number of captives (sabī) and the Muslims would give the Nūba a specified quantity of wheat and of lentils every year.

Ibn Abī Habīb said: There existed no treaty (‘ahd) or written agreement (mīthāq) between them and the people of Egypt, but only a truce of security (hudnat amān).

Ibn Lahī'a said: They (the Nubians) have no objections if slaves are bought from them or from others. Abū Habīb, the father of Yazīd Ibn Habīb, whose nickname was Suwayd, was one of them.

Sa'īd Ibn 'Ufayr told us [the following statement he had] from Ibn Lahī'a: - I heard Yazīd b. Abī Habīb sayings 'My father was a captive from Dunqula, a slave of Sharīk b. Ṭufayl, a man from the Banī 'Amīr of Medina. He also said: - 'The (condition) laid down for peace- agreement with the Nūba was, according to the statement of some shaykhs from Miṣr, that they supply 360 slaves every year; [someone] said that the number required was 400 every year, of whom 360 to the Treasury (fay’) of the Muslims and forty to the wālī of the country. Some shaykhs claimed that seventeen of them were foster women. Then 'Abdalla b. Sa'd left them. The aforesaid shaykhs said that he (Yazīd) pursued some official papers at the Fusṭāṭ offices (dawāwīn), before they were destroyed, and memorised the following: - 'We made a treaty (‘ahd) with you and signed an agreement (‘aqd) to the effect that you give us 360 slaves (ra’s) every year and that you (Nubians) enter our countries as travellers, not as settlers, and we also enter your country in the same way; but if you kill a Muslim, the peace-agreement (hudna) is no more valid; likewise, if you give shelter to a slave of the Muslim, the truce is no more valid; you must hand back the fugitives (ubbāq) of the Muslims and any dhimmī who took refuge in your country'. He said that other shaykhs claimed that the Nūba had no (binding) tradition (sunna) with regard to the Muslims, and that they, the first year, sent the baqt and gave forty slaves as a present to 'Amrū Ibn al-'Ās. He refused to accept them and handed them back to the chief ('azīm) of the Copts, who was called Nastaqūs, who was the superintendent of the baqt: he sold them and bought them [other] provisions (jahāz) and they protested (saying) that 'Amrū had sent them the wheat and horses and that they had been deprived by fraud of (part of) the wheat and horses; they discovered that fraud the first time and felt wronged. This is their story.

Then he resumed the story saying: - While he ('Abdalla b. Sa'd)' was coming back (to Egypt), the Beja gathered on the bank of the Nile: he inquired about them and was told about their country; he found it was not worthwhile attacking; so he went on and left them.

The Muslims had no agreement ('aqd) or peace-treaty (sulh) with them. The first who made a peace-treaty (sulh) with them was 'Ubaydalla Ibn al-Ḥabḥāb. Some shaykhs, who claimed that they have read the text of al-Ḥabḥāb, said that it contained what follows: [They should deliver] 300 young men every year, so that they (Beja) be permitted to go to Upper Egypt (rīf). in transit, for trade purposes, without settling; that they should not kill any Muslim, or any dhimmī.- If they killed any, the agreement would cease; they should not offer shelter to any slaves ('abīd) of the Muslims, and should return their [the Muslims'] fugitives (ubbāq) if any of them ever went to their country. I came to know this in the days when (the agreement) was applied: for every sheep which a Bujāwī took, he had to pay four dīnārs, and for every cow, ten (dīnārs). Their representative (wakīl) was living in the Egyptian countryside (rīf) as a hostage to the Muslims. (pp. 188 – 189).

[[Category:Literary Sources]]