1. al-Khitat - Revision history

http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=1._al-Khitat 1. al-Khitat - Revision history 2026-04-28T09:30:58Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.41.1 http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4540&oldid=prev Seignobos at 14:20, 31 October 2015 2015-10-31T14:20:55Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:20, 31 October 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l320">Line 320:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 320:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Nubian (''an-Nūbī'') complained about some citizens of Aswān who had bought lands (''amlāk'') from his [the king's] slaves. Al-Mu’taṣīm ordered that an investigation be made and summoned the ''Wālī'' of the country and the judge (''mukhtār li-l-ḥukm'') appointed for these affairs and also the Nubian subjects: [the wālī and the judge] asked them about the complaint raised by their Lord about what they had sold. They denied and said: - "We are subjects (''ra’īyya'')" and the complaint failed. He [Qurqī] asked also other things, for example, that the garrison posted at al-Qaṣr be transferred [to some other place] near the frontier between them and the Muslims, declaring '''[p. 647]''' that the garrison [at al-Qaṣr] was on Nubian soil; but Mu’taṣīm did not answer about this.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Nubian (''an-Nūbī'') complained about some citizens of Aswān who had bought lands (''amlāk'') from his [the king's] slaves. Al-Mu’taṣīm ordered that an investigation be made and summoned the ''Wālī'' of the country and the judge (''mukhtār li-l-ḥukm'') appointed for these affairs and also the Nubian subjects: [the wālī and the judge] asked them about the complaint raised by their Lord about what they had sold. They denied and said: - "We are subjects (''ra’īyya'')" and the complaint failed. He [Qurqī] asked also other things, for example, that the garrison posted at al-Qaṣr be transferred [to some other place] near the frontier between them and the Muslims, declaring '''[p. 647]''' that the garrison [at al-Qaṣr] was on Nubian soil; but Mu’taṣīm did not answer about this.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nublan </del>Historian said that the institution of the baqṭ remained in force until the coming of the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt and that it was executed under the terms [decided by Mu'taṣīm] which also stated what was to be given the Nubians in return.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nubian </ins>Historian said that the institution of the baqṭ remained in force until the coming of the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt and that it was executed under the terms [decided by Mu'taṣīm] which also stated what was to be given the Nubians in return.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Statements by Other Historians on the ''Baqṭ'']</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Statements by Other Historians on the ''Baqṭ'']</div></td></tr> </table>

Seignobos http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4483&oldid=prev Seignobos at 23:31, 6 June 2015 2015-06-06T23:31:56Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:31, 6 June 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l142">Line 142:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 142:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chapter XXXI: About the Branching of the Nile as from the Country of 'Alwa and About its Peoples </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chapter XXXI: About the Branching of the Nile as from the Country of 'Alwa and About its Peoples </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Nūba and the Muqurra are two races (''jinsāni''), each speaking a different language. Both live along the banks of the Nile. The Nūba, who are the Marīs, are neighbours of the land of Islam. There is a five miles gap between the frontier of their country and Aswān. It is said that ''Salhā'', the ancestor (''jadd'') of ''an-Nūba'',<ref>''Sic'' (with the article) in Arabic. It may be intended as the name of an individual person or of a people.</ref> and ''Muqurrī'' (or ''Muqurrā''), the ancestor of ''al-Muqurrah'',<ref>''Sic'' (with the article) in Arabic. It may be intended as the name of an individual person or of a people.</ref> were (both) from Yemen. It is said that (both) ''an-Nūba'' and ''Muqurrī''<ref>Without “''al''-“.</ref> were from Himyar: most of the genealogists agree that all of them (''annahum jamī'an'') are descendants of Ḥam b. Noah. Between the Nūba and the Muqurra there were wars before [the coming of] Christianity.<ref><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Most probably the A.D. time before the evangelisation of Nubia, rather than the time B.C.</del>Most probably the A.D. time before the evangelisation of Nubia, rather than the time B.C.</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Nūba and the Muqurra are two races (''jinsāni''), each speaking a different language. Both live along the banks of the Nile. The Nūba, who are the Marīs, are neighbours of the land of Islam. There is a five miles gap between the frontier of their country and Aswān. It is said that ''Salhā'', the ancestor (''jadd'') of ''an-Nūba'',<ref>''Sic'' (with the article) in Arabic. It may be intended as the name of an individual person or of a people.</ref> and ''Muqurrī'' (or ''Muqurrā''), the ancestor of ''al-Muqurrah'',<ref>''Sic'' (with the article) in Arabic. It may be intended as the name of an individual person or of a people.</ref> were (both) from Yemen. It is said that (both) ''an-Nūba'' and ''Muqurrī''<ref>Without “''al''-“.</ref> were from Himyar: most of the genealogists agree that all of them (''annahum jamī'an'') are descendants of Ḥam b. Noah. Between the Nūba and the Muqurra there were wars before [the coming of] Christianity.<ref>Most probably the A.D. time before the evangelisation of Nubia, rather than the time B.C.</ref> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 609]''' The land of al-Muqurra begins at a village called ''Tāfa'',<ref>This statement could be correct if we assumed that “''al-Marīs''” or “''an-Nūba''” should be written instead of “''al-Muqurra''”, the mistake may be due to an oversight by Maqrīzī or by some copyist. Considering that in the time of al-Aswānī al-Marīs (=an-Nūba) and al-Muqurra formed one kingdom with Dongola as capital, it was perfectly true that the kingdom of al-Muqurra began at Tāfa. As for Bujarāsh, the “royal town” of the same kingdom, this statement can be accepted as truthful because Faras (Bujarāsh) was in Aswānī’s time, a former capital of a kingdom, seat of an Eparch and a most flourishing town. Monneret, ''Storia'', p. 137, rejected this statement as erroneous, on assumption that the northern frontier of the kingdom of Maqurra necessarily was the “Maqs” near Akashah.</ref> the day’s distance from Aswān. Their royal town (''madīnat maliki-him'') is called Bajarāsh, less than ten day's journey from Aswān. It is told that Moses - God may be pleased with him! - raided them before he began his [prophetic] mission in the time of the Pharaoh, and destroyed Tāfa. They were [at that time] pagans (''Sābi’a''), who used to worship the Planets (''Kawākib'') and erect statues to them; later both the Nūba and the Muqurra became Christians. The town of Dongola is the capital of their kingdom (''dār mamlakati-him'').</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 609]''' The land of al-Muqurra begins at a village called ''Tāfa'',<ref>This statement could be correct if we assumed that “''al-Marīs''” or “''an-Nūba''” should be written instead of “''al-Muqurra''”, the mistake may be due to an oversight by Maqrīzī or by some copyist. Considering that in the time of al-Aswānī al-Marīs (=an-Nūba) and al-Muqurra formed one kingdom with Dongola as capital, it was perfectly true that the kingdom of al-Muqurra began at Tāfa. As for Bujarāsh, the “royal town” of the same kingdom, this statement can be accepted as truthful because Faras (Bujarāsh) was in Aswānī’s time, a former capital of a kingdom, seat of an Eparch and a most flourishing town. Monneret, ''Storia'', p. 137, rejected this statement as erroneous, on assumption that the northern frontier of the kingdom of Maqurra necessarily was the “Maqs” near Akashah.</ref> the day’s distance from Aswān. Their royal town (''madīnat maliki-him'') is called Bajarāsh, less than ten day's journey from Aswān. It is told that Moses - God may be pleased with him! - raided them before he began his [prophetic] mission in the time of the Pharaoh, and destroyed Tāfa. They were [at that time] pagans (''Sābi’a''), who used to worship the Planets (''Kawākib'') and erect statues to them; later both the Nūba and the Muqurra became Christians. The town of Dongola is the capital of their kingdom (''dār mamlakati-him'').</div></td></tr> </table>

Seignobos http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4462&oldid=prev Seignobos at 13:04, 1 June 2015 2015-06-01T13:04:03Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:04, 1 June 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l450">Line 450:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 450:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was a black slave, a eunuch of stout built, a pierced lower lip and ugly legs. He was brought to Egypt for sale at the age of 10, not later than the year 310 H. [922 A.D.]. When he arrived in Egypt he wished he would become its emir. His master sold him to Muḥammad b. Hāshim, a businessman who used to go to the villages of the south. In his turn, he sold him to 'Abbās, the secretary (''kātib''). One day, Kāfūr passed by an astrologer in Fusṭāṭ, who read his destiny in the stars and said to him: 'You will become a man who will rise to '''[p. 667]''' a very high position and will make a large fortune.' Kāfūr paid him two dirhams, as he had nothing else to offer. The astrologer threw the dirhams back to him saying! 'I have predicted you a good news and you give me only two dirhams?' Then he added: 'I tell you more: You will become the ruler of this country and the greatest man in it; just remember me, then.'</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was a black slave, a eunuch of stout built, a pierced lower lip and ugly legs. He was brought to Egypt for sale at the age of 10, not later than the year 310 H. [922 A.D.]. When he arrived in Egypt he wished he would become its emir. His master sold him to Muḥammad b. Hāshim, a businessman who used to go to the villages of the south. In his turn, he sold him to 'Abbās, the secretary (''kātib''). One day, Kāfūr passed by an astrologer in Fusṭāṭ, who read his destiny in the stars and said to him: 'You will become a man who will rise to '''[p. 667]''' a very high position and will make a large fortune.' Kāfūr paid him two dirhams, as he had nothing else to offer. The astrologer threw the dirhams back to him saying! 'I have predicted you a good news and you give me only two dirhams?' Then he added: 'I tell you more: You will become the ruler of this country and the greatest man in it; just remember me, then.'</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One day Ibn 'Abbās sent him to take a gift to the emir Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Tufj (['sic''! for Tughj], who, at that time was one of the generals of Tekin, the emir of Egypt. The general kept Kāfūr for himself and sent back the gift. Since then, Kāfūr advanced in the career until he became one of the most highranking officials. (Bulaq II, 3, p. 41).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One day Ibn 'Abbās sent him to take a gift to the emir Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Tufj ([<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'</ins>'sic''! for Tughj], who, at that time was one of the generals of Tekin, the emir of Egypt. The general kept Kāfūr for himself and sent back the gift. Since then, Kāfūr advanced in the career until he became one of the most highranking officials. (Bulaq II, 3, p. 41).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Tūrānshāh]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Tūrānshāh]</div></td></tr> </table>

Seignobos http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4461&oldid=prev Seignobos at 13:00, 1 June 2015 2015-06-01T13:00:29Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:00, 1 June 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l214">Line 214:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 214:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'Abd ar-Raḥmān b. 'Abdalla b. 'Abd al-Ḥakam said that [some of] the Beja met 'Abdalla b. Sa'd b. Abī Sarḥ during his withdrawal from Nubia along the Nile. He asked them about their affairs: he was told that they had no king to whom to refer to; he despised them and left them; they made no treaty or peace [with him]: The first who signed a treaty and agreement with them was ‘Ubaidallah b. Ḥabḥāb as-Salūlī. He ('Abd al-Ḥakam) said that he found the letter of ibn Ḥabḥāb whereby [the tribute] was fixed at 300 young camels (''bakr'') every year, so that they alight be allowed to come [down] into the [Egyptian] countryside (''rīf''), but only in transit as merchants, without right of residing and on condition that they kill no Moslem or dhimmī; if they killed any, the agreement would become null and void; not to give asylum to the slaves (''ʿabīd'') of the Muslims, and hand back those who ran away if they sought refuge among the Beja. It is said that for any of these runaway slaves, as well as for any sheep, they [the Beja] had to pay four dinars; for a cow, ten dinars. Their agent (''wakīl'') lived in the Egyptian territory as a hostage in the hands of the Moslems.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'Abd ar-Raḥmān b. 'Abdalla b. 'Abd al-Ḥakam said that [some of] the Beja met 'Abdalla b. Sa'd b. Abī Sarḥ during his withdrawal from Nubia along the Nile. He asked them about their affairs: he was told that they had no king to whom to refer to; he despised them and left them; they made no treaty or peace [with him]: The first who signed a treaty and agreement with them was ‘Ubaidallah b. Ḥabḥāb as-Salūlī. He ('Abd al-Ḥakam) said that he found the letter of ibn Ḥabḥāb whereby [the tribute] was fixed at 300 young camels (''bakr'') every year, so that they alight be allowed to come [down] into the [Egyptian] countryside (''rīf''), but only in transit as merchants, without right of residing and on condition that they kill no Moslem or dhimmī; if they killed any, the agreement would become null and void; not to give asylum to the slaves (''ʿabīd'') of the Muslims, and hand back those who ran away if they sought refuge among the Beja. It is said that for any of these runaway slaves, as well as for any sheep, they [the Beja] had to pay four dinars; for a cow, ten dinars. Their agent (''wakīl'') lived in the Egyptian territory as a hostage in the hands of the Moslems.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Later on, the Moslems became numerous in the mines and by intermarriage with the Beja; many Beja of the tribe known as ''Ḥadārib'' professed Islam, [only] superficially they live in the territory next to Upper Egypt, i.e. from the frontier up to al-'Allāqī and to '<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ayahāb</del>, which is the harbour, from which one sails for Jeddah and beyond. There is another tribe among them called Zanāfij, who are more numerous than the Ḥadārib, but they are subject to them as serfs, escorts (''khufarāʾ'') and guards and the Ḥadārib entrust their cattle to them. Every chieftain of the ''Ḥadārib'' owns a number of the ''Zanāfij'' as patrimony (''humla''): they are like slaves (''ʿabīd'') and many be be be-'''[p. 625]'''-queathed from one to another. In the past the Zanāfij were masters [of the ''Ḥadārib''].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Later on, the Moslems became numerous in the mines and by intermarriage with the Beja; many Beja of the tribe known as ''Ḥadārib'' professed Islam, [only] superficially they live in the territory next to Upper Egypt, i.e. from the frontier up to al-'Allāqī and to '<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Aydhāb</ins>, which is the harbour, from which one sails for Jeddah and beyond. There is another tribe among them called Zanāfij, who are more numerous than the Ḥadārib, but they are subject to them as serfs, escorts (''khufarāʾ'') and guards and the Ḥadārib entrust their cattle to them. Every chieftain of the ''Ḥadārib'' owns a number of the ''Zanāfij'' as patrimony (''humla''): they are like slaves (''ʿabīd'') and many be be be-'''[p. 625]'''-queathed from one to another. In the past the Zanāfij were masters [of the ''Ḥadārib''].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The raids of the Ḥadārib on Muslim territory multiplied; at that time the wālīs of Aswān came from Iraq and reported the affair to the Commander of the Faithful, Al-Ma'mūn. He sent 'Abdalla b. Jahm who fought them several times, and made a peace-treaty with them signed by him and Kanūn, their paramount chief, who lived in the village of Ḥajar mentioned above. The following is a copy of the treaty: "This is the letter (''Kitāb'') written by 'Abdalla b. al-Jahm, servant (''mawlā'') of the Commander of the Faithful, head of the victorious army, agent (''ʿāmil'') of the emir Abū Ishāq, son of the Commander of the Faithful ar-Rashīd [Hārūn], in the month of Rabī al-Awwal of the year 216 H. [April 831 A.D.], to Kanūn 'Abd al-'Azīz, chief of the Beja in Aswān. You have asked me to give you a safe conduct and I undertake to give you and your people security in my name, as well as in the name of all the Muslims. I answered and I offered you the promise in my name and in the name of all the Muslims, as long as you and they are straight forward to keep what you gave me and what you laid down as condition in this treaty, viz. that the plain and the mountains of your country, from the extreme frontier at Aswān in the land of Egypt, up to a frontier between Dahlak and Bāḍīʿ belongs as property (''mulk'') to al-Ma'mūn ‘Abdalla b. Hārūn the Commandant of the Faithful. You and all your people are servants (''ʿabīd'') of the Commander of the Faithful, but he acknowledges you as king (''malik'') of your country, over which you rule. You must pay every year that tribute (''kharāj''), which has been customary among the Beja, i.e. 100 camels (''ibil''), or 300 dinars in cash, to be paid to the Treasury (''bait al-māl''), the choice between this and that will be decided by the Commander of the Faithful and his wālīs. You '''[p. 626]''' must not subtract any part of it, i.e. of the tribute. You and your people must not say anything unworthy at any time when mention is made of Moḥammed the Prophet, or of the Koran (''Kitāb Allah'') or His religion.- You must not kill any Moslem, free or slave; otherwise the protection (''dhimma'') will cease, viz. the protection of God, of his Prophet, the protection of the Commander of the Faithful and that of the Moslem people, and the murderer's blood will be shed in the same way as that of the enemies (''ahl al-ḥarb'') and their children. No one of you should help enemies of Islam with money or guide them to any place belonging to the Moslems, or spy on their army (''ʿizzah''): should this happen, the agreement of protection will become null and void, and his (i.e. of the offender) blood will be shed. Also, if anyone of you were to kill a Moslem, intentionally or unintentionally, whether he be a free man or a slave, or a man having the status of protection (''ahl adh-dimma'') or if anyone causes damage financially to any Moslem or the people under their protection, whether it be in Beja country, or in Moslim country or in the Nūba country, or any other place, on land or at sea, he shall pay for the killing of the Moslem 10 times the blood-price (''dīyya''), equivalent to 500 camels; for the killing of a slave of the Moslem, ten times the price [of the slave], or for the killing of a dhimmī, ten times the dīyya that is paid in the country of the victim; for any financial damage to the Moslem or the dhimmī, ten times as much. If a Moslem goes to the Beja country to trade or to reside or is in transit or on pilgrimage to Mecca, he must enjoy the same security as one of your people until he leaves your territory; you must not give asylum to fugitive slaves (''ubbāq'') of Moslems: if any of them arrives [in your country] you must return him to the Muslims; you must give back the livestock property (''amwāl'') of the Muslims whenever any '''[p. 627]'''crosses [the frontier] into your country, without obligation on their part to pay back to you anything for that [service]. If you enter [the countryside (''rīf'') of] Upper Egypt for trade or in transit, you must neither carry arms [openly], nor enter the towns and the villages under any pretext. You must not prevent a Moslem from entering your country and carrying out trade there by land or by sea; you must keep the way free from danger, and you must not prevent any Moslem or ''dhimmī'' from travelling; you must avoid stealing anything from a Moslem or a ''dhimmī''; you must not pull down the mosques (''masājid'') which the Moslems have built in ''Sinja'' (Bouriant: ''Sīḥa''), ''Hajar'' and other places throughout your country. If you do that, the treaty becomes null and void and you will enjoy no protection. Kanūn Ibn 'Abdel 'Azīz must reside in the countryside of Egypt as an agent (''wakīl'') to the Muslims to execute the conditions stipulated for the payment of the tribute, and to pay the compensation for any offence (''iṣāba'') committed by the Beja against the life or property of the Moslems. No Beja man may cross the frontier of al-Qaṣr beyond the village of Qubbān, in Nubia, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. 'Abdalla al-Jahm, mawlā of the commander of the Faithful, undertakes to guarantee safety to Kanūn ibn 'Abdel 'Azīz, chief of the Beja according to the conditions laid down in this our letter, to be ratified by the Commander of the Faithful. If he infringes [any of the conditions] or commits acts of violence, neither the treaty nor the protection will remain valid. Kanūn must allow the agents (''ʿummāl'') of the Commander of the Faithful to enter his country to collect the alms (''sadaqāt'') of those Beja who have emoraced Islam; he must also faithfully execute the terms agreed upon between him and ‘Abdalla b. Jahm, which he has sworn by an oath [in the name] of God, which is the most solemn oath a man can take. Kanūn ibn ‘Abdel '''[p. 628]''' ‘Azīz and all the Beja will enjoy God’s unfailing promise of protection (''ʿahd Allah wa-mīthāqi-hi''), as well as the protection (''dhimma'') of the Commander of the Faithful and the protection of Abū Ishāq [= ''al-Mu’tasim''], son of the Commander of the Faithful, the protection of 'Abdalla b. al-Jahm, and the protection of the Moslems [and their assurance] that they will fulfil the terms offered by 'Abdalla b. Jahm so long as Kanūn b. 'Abdel 'Azīz will fulfil all the terms laid down to him. If Kanūn b. 'Abdel 'Azīz or any of the Beja alters [any clause of the treaty], the protection of God (''dhimmat Allah''), the protection (''dhimma'') of the Commander of the Faithful, and that of the emir Abū Ishāq son of the Comander of the Faithful ar-Rashīd, the protection of 'Abdalla b. Jahm and the protection of the Muslim become null and void." All that was [written] in this letter was translated, word by word, by Zakariah b. Ṣālih al-Makhzūm, one of the inhabitants of Jedda, and by 'Abdalla b. Ismā'īl al-Qorashī, then it was entered in the register by a number of [judiciary] witnesses of Aswān.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The raids of the Ḥadārib on Muslim territory multiplied; at that time the wālīs of Aswān came from Iraq and reported the affair to the Commander of the Faithful, Al-Ma'mūn. He sent 'Abdalla b. Jahm who fought them several times, and made a peace-treaty with them signed by him and Kanūn, their paramount chief, who lived in the village of Ḥajar mentioned above. The following is a copy of the treaty: "This is the letter (''Kitāb'') written by 'Abdalla b. al-Jahm, servant (''mawlā'') of the Commander of the Faithful, head of the victorious army, agent (''ʿāmil'') of the emir Abū Ishāq, son of the Commander of the Faithful ar-Rashīd [Hārūn], in the month of Rabī al-Awwal of the year 216 H. [April 831 A.D.], to Kanūn 'Abd al-'Azīz, chief of the Beja in Aswān. You have asked me to give you a safe conduct and I undertake to give you and your people security in my name, as well as in the name of all the Muslims. I answered and I offered you the promise in my name and in the name of all the Muslims, as long as you and they are straight forward to keep what you gave me and what you laid down as condition in this treaty, viz. that the plain and the mountains of your country, from the extreme frontier at Aswān in the land of Egypt, up to a frontier between Dahlak and Bāḍīʿ belongs as property (''mulk'') to al-Ma'mūn ‘Abdalla b. Hārūn the Commandant of the Faithful. You and all your people are servants (''ʿabīd'') of the Commander of the Faithful, but he acknowledges you as king (''malik'') of your country, over which you rule. You must pay every year that tribute (''kharāj''), which has been customary among the Beja, i.e. 100 camels (''ibil''), or 300 dinars in cash, to be paid to the Treasury (''bait al-māl''), the choice between this and that will be decided by the Commander of the Faithful and his wālīs. You '''[p. 626]''' must not subtract any part of it, i.e. of the tribute. You and your people must not say anything unworthy at any time when mention is made of Moḥammed the Prophet, or of the Koran (''Kitāb Allah'') or His religion.- You must not kill any Moslem, free or slave; otherwise the protection (''dhimma'') will cease, viz. the protection of God, of his Prophet, the protection of the Commander of the Faithful and that of the Moslem people, and the murderer's blood will be shed in the same way as that of the enemies (''ahl al-ḥarb'') and their children. No one of you should help enemies of Islam with money or guide them to any place belonging to the Moslems, or spy on their army (''ʿizzah''): should this happen, the agreement of protection will become null and void, and his (i.e. of the offender) blood will be shed. Also, if anyone of you were to kill a Moslem, intentionally or unintentionally, whether he be a free man or a slave, or a man having the status of protection (''ahl adh-dimma'') or if anyone causes damage financially to any Moslem or the people under their protection, whether it be in Beja country, or in Moslim country or in the Nūba country, or any other place, on land or at sea, he shall pay for the killing of the Moslem 10 times the blood-price (''dīyya''), equivalent to 500 camels; for the killing of a slave of the Moslem, ten times the price [of the slave], or for the killing of a dhimmī, ten times the dīyya that is paid in the country of the victim; for any financial damage to the Moslem or the dhimmī, ten times as much. If a Moslem goes to the Beja country to trade or to reside or is in transit or on pilgrimage to Mecca, he must enjoy the same security as one of your people until he leaves your territory; you must not give asylum to fugitive slaves (''ubbāq'') of Moslems: if any of them arrives [in your country] you must return him to the Muslims; you must give back the livestock property (''amwāl'') of the Muslims whenever any '''[p. 627]'''crosses [the frontier] into your country, without obligation on their part to pay back to you anything for that [service]. If you enter [the countryside (''rīf'') of] Upper Egypt for trade or in transit, you must neither carry arms [openly], nor enter the towns and the villages under any pretext. You must not prevent a Moslem from entering your country and carrying out trade there by land or by sea; you must keep the way free from danger, and you must not prevent any Moslem or ''dhimmī'' from travelling; you must avoid stealing anything from a Moslem or a ''dhimmī''; you must not pull down the mosques (''masājid'') which the Moslems have built in ''Sinja'' (Bouriant: ''Sīḥa''), ''Hajar'' and other places throughout your country. If you do that, the treaty becomes null and void and you will enjoy no protection. Kanūn Ibn 'Abdel 'Azīz must reside in the countryside of Egypt as an agent (''wakīl'') to the Muslims to execute the conditions stipulated for the payment of the tribute, and to pay the compensation for any offence (''iṣāba'') committed by the Beja against the life or property of the Moslems. No Beja man may cross the frontier of al-Qaṣr beyond the village of Qubbān, in Nubia, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. 'Abdalla al-Jahm, mawlā of the commander of the Faithful, undertakes to guarantee safety to Kanūn ibn 'Abdel 'Azīz, chief of the Beja according to the conditions laid down in this our letter, to be ratified by the Commander of the Faithful. If he infringes [any of the conditions] or commits acts of violence, neither the treaty nor the protection will remain valid. Kanūn must allow the agents (''ʿummāl'') of the Commander of the Faithful to enter his country to collect the alms (''sadaqāt'') of those Beja who have emoraced Islam; he must also faithfully execute the terms agreed upon between him and ‘Abdalla b. Jahm, which he has sworn by an oath [in the name] of God, which is the most solemn oath a man can take. Kanūn ibn ‘Abdel '''[p. 628]''' ‘Azīz and all the Beja will enjoy God’s unfailing promise of protection (''ʿahd Allah wa-mīthāqi-hi''), as well as the protection (''dhimma'') of the Commander of the Faithful and the protection of Abū Ishāq [= ''al-Mu’tasim''], son of the Commander of the Faithful, the protection of 'Abdalla b. al-Jahm, and the protection of the Moslems [and their assurance] that they will fulfil the terms offered by 'Abdalla b. Jahm so long as Kanūn b. 'Abdel 'Azīz will fulfil all the terms laid down to him. If Kanūn b. 'Abdel 'Azīz or any of the Beja alters [any clause of the treaty], the protection of God (''dhimmat Allah''), the protection (''dhimma'') of the Commander of the Faithful, and that of the emir Abū Ishāq son of the Comander of the Faithful ar-Rashīd, the protection of 'Abdalla b. Jahm and the protection of the Muslim become null and void." All that was [written] in this letter was translated, word by word, by Zakariah b. Ṣālih al-Makhzūm, one of the inhabitants of Jedda, and by 'Abdalla b. Ismā'īl al-Qorashī, then it was entered in the register by a number of [judiciary] witnesses of Aswān.</div></td></tr> </table>

Seignobos http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4437&oldid=prev Adam Simmons at 18:17, 24 May 2015 2015-05-24T18:17:02Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:17, 24 May 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l60">Line 60:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 60:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Towards the beginning of the 30th year of the reign [of the Egyptian King Nadares b. Sabin b. Qobīim], the Zanj and the Nūba branches of the Sūdān carried out a raid on his kingdom, troubled and pillaged it [Nadares] gahtering his armies from the districts (''a'māl'') of Egypt, prepared boats and sent a general called ''Filūtus'' (Bilatus?, B.: ''Philotheos'') with 300,000 men and another general with another similar army. He sent 300 boats up the Nile. On each boat there was a magician (''kāhin''), each one capable of doing a special miracle. Then he himself set out with a numerous army, met the multitude of the Sūdān who numbered about one million, defeated them, killed a great number and took many prisoners: his armies pursued them until they arrived at a place where elephants are found, in the country of the Zanj. He captured a great number of these animals, as well as leopards (''numūr'') and other wild animals and sent them to Egypt, where he had them tamed. On the borders of his country he built a light-house (''manār'') on which he recorded his journey, his victory and the time he spent on the expedition. Later, he then died in Egypt and was buried in a "naos" (''nawūs''), in which he had set up many effigies symbolizing the stars (''aṣnām al-kawākib''), gold, precious stones (''jawhar''), jewels and statues. On the "''naos''" (shrine) was engraved his name and the date of his death. Charms (''ṭilasmāt'') were placed on it [''naos''] so that they might keep [evil-doers] away. (W.I,l,ch. XXIII, §5, pp. 298 - 299; B., p. 199).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Towards the beginning of the 30th year of the reign [of the Egyptian King Nadares b. Sabin b. Qobīim], the Zanj and the Nūba branches of the Sūdān carried out a raid on his kingdom, troubled and pillaged it [Nadares] gahtering his armies from the districts (''a'māl'') of Egypt, prepared boats and sent a general called ''Filūtus'' (Bilatus?, B.: ''Philotheos'') with 300,000 men and another general with another similar army. He sent 300 boats up the Nile. On each boat there was a magician (''kāhin''), each one capable of doing a special miracle. Then he himself set out with a numerous army, met the multitude of the Sūdān who numbered about one million, defeated them, killed a great number and took many prisoners: his armies pursued them until they arrived at a place where elephants are found, in the country of the Zanj. He captured a great number of these animals, as well as leopards (''numūr'') and other wild animals and sent them to Egypt, where he had them tamed. On the borders of his country he built a light-house (''manār'') on which he recorded his journey, his victory and the time he spent on the expedition. Later, he then died in Egypt and was buried in a "naos" (''nawūs''), in which he had set up many effigies symbolizing the stars (''aṣnām al-kawākib''), gold, precious stones (''jawhar''), jewels and statues. On the "''naos''" (shrine) was engraved his name and the date of his death. Charms (''ṭilasmāt'') were placed on it [''naos''] so that they might keep [evil-doers] away. (W.I,l,ch. XXIII, §5, pp. 298 - 299; B., p. 199).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 596]''' [A Tax on Nubian Slaves <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abolisned </del>by Sultan Nāṣir Ibn Qalāwūn]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 596]''' [A Tax on Nubian Slaves <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abolished </ins>by Sultan Nāṣir Ibn Qalāwūn]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One of the taxes and privileges abolished by the Sultan [Nāṣir Ibn Qalāwūn] was the tax of the chieftains (''shadd az-zu’amāʾ''),<ref>Bouriant: “droit de garantie”. Some Arab scholars interpret “''shadd az-zu-‘amāʾ''” as a decree made in order to curb the arrogance of the chieftains. “''Shadd''” was, however, a custom duty levied by the Sultan at ‘Aydhāb. Some chieftains in Upper Egypt probably enjoyed the privilege of levying such tolls.</ref> which was a very peculiar institution (''jiha mufrada''). He also abolished the tax (''huqūq'') levied on the Blacks (''Sūdān''), and the inspection of the boats and whatever was prescribed as payment on every slave, girl or man, at the time they were admitted into the hostels (''khānāt'') for the purpose of shameful actions (''li-'amāl al-fāḥishah''); on that occasion it was customary to levy a fixed tax on every male and female. (W.I,2, ch. XXXII, §16, p. 27; B., p. 255).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One of the taxes and privileges abolished by the Sultan [Nāṣir Ibn Qalāwūn] was the tax of the chieftains (''shadd az-zu’amāʾ''),<ref>Bouriant: “droit de garantie”. Some Arab scholars interpret “''shadd az-zu-‘amāʾ''” as a decree made in order to curb the arrogance of the chieftains. “''Shadd''” was, however, a custom duty levied by the Sultan at ‘Aydhāb. Some chieftains in Upper Egypt probably enjoyed the privilege of levying such tolls.</ref> which was a very peculiar institution (''jiha mufrada''). He also abolished the tax (''huqūq'') levied on the Blacks (''Sūdān''), and the inspection of the boats and whatever was prescribed as payment on every slave, girl or man, at the time they were admitted into the hostels (''khānāt'') for the purpose of shameful actions (''li-'amāl al-fāḥishah''); on that occasion it was customary to levy a fixed tax on every male and female. (W.I,2, ch. XXXII, §16, p. 27; B., p. 255).</div></td></tr> </table>

Adam Simmons http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4408&oldid=prev Seignobos at 11:24, 5 May 2015 2015-05-05T11:24:28Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:24, 5 May 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l308">Line 308:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 308:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This treaty was written by 'Umar b. Sharhabīl, in the month of Ramaḍān of the year 31 H. [April-May 652 A.D.].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This treaty was written by 'Umar b. Sharhabīl, in the month of Ramaḍān of the year 31 H. [April-May 652 A.D.].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Nūba paid to 'Amrū b. as-'Āṣ what was agreed upon in the ''baqṭ'' before they broke it. [In addition] they gave forty slaves as a present, but he would not accept them. He returned the gift to the superintendent of '''[p. 642]''' the ''baqṭ'' (''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kahīr </del>al-baqṭ''), a man called ''Saqmūs'' (''Samqus'', ''Nastaqūs''). This man bought provisions (''jahāz'') and wine (''khamr'') which he sent to them<ref>Arabic: “''ilay-hi''” (to him). Logically one might expect “''ilay-him''” (to them), i.e. the Nubians.</ref>. 'Abdalla, too, sent them such cereals, wheat, barley, lentils, clothing material, and horses according to the promise. This custom (''ar-rasm'') continued until it became a prescription (''rasm'') which they still repeat every year when they pay the ''baqṭ''; the forty slaves, who were offered to 'Amrū as a present, are taken by the wālī of Miṣr.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Nūba paid to 'Amrū b. as-'Āṣ what was agreed upon in the ''baqṭ'' before they broke it. [In addition] they gave forty slaves as a present, but he would not accept them. He returned the gift to the superintendent of '''[p. 642]''' the ''baqṭ'' (''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kabīr </ins>al-baqṭ''), a man called ''Saqmūs'' (''Samqus'', ''Nastaqūs''). This man bought provisions (''jahāz'') and wine (''khamr'') which he sent to them<ref>Arabic: “''ilay-hi''” (to him). Logically one might expect “''ilay-him''” (to them), i.e. the Nubians.</ref>. 'Abdalla, too, sent them such cereals, wheat, barley, lentils, clothing material, and horses according to the promise. This custom (''ar-rasm'') continued until it became a prescription (''rasm'') which they still repeat every year when they pay the ''baqṭ''; the forty slaves, who were offered to 'Amrū as a present, are taken by the wālī of Miṣr.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Abū Khalīfa Ḥamīd b. Hishām al-Buhturī, the amount fixed in the peace treaty with the Nūba is 360 slaves to the Treasury (''fayʾ'') of the Muslims, 40 slaves to the Governor (''ṣāḥib'') of Egypt; in return, the Muslims pay to the Nūba 1,000 ''ardab'' of wheat (''qamḥ'') and the delegates [of the Nubian king] 300 ''ardab''; the same quantity of barley; 1,000 jugs (''aqnīn''<ref>Several readings are proposed. Cf. Wiet, op.cit., p. 296, n. 6. Caetani (Ann. IV, par. 110, pp. 520-521) read “''iqtīz''”, but admitted that a measure called by this name was unknown to him.</ref>) for the king, and 300 for his delegates, and two horses of the breed used by the emirs; l00 pieces (''thawb'') of cloth of [various] kinds (''asnāf''); 4 pieces of cloth called ''qabātī'' for the king and three for his delegates; 8 pieces of the cloth called ''buqturiyyah''; five pieces of the cloth marked (''mu'lama''; Wiet reads ''Mu'allama'') a mantle (''jibba'') of nappy silk (''mukhmala'', velvet, or wool, fabric) for the king (''malik''), 10 pieces of the cloth (''qums'') called Abū Buqtor, 10 pieces of ''Ahāsī'' (''ahhāsī'', ''ajāsī'') which made is a thick fabric. Abū Khalīfa said: - Neither the book of 'Abdalla b. Wahb, nor the book of al-Wāqidī contains these details, but I had them from Abū Zakaria who told me: - I heard my father Osman b. Saleh telling this story, and I '''[p. 643]''' remember well what I heard. He said: One day I was called to the council [in the presence] of the emir ‘Abdalla b. Tāher, while he was [governor] of Egypt [625-327 A.D.]: the emir said to me: ‘Are you Osman b. Saleh whom we have summoned to give information about the document of the ''baqṭ'' of the Nūba?’ I said: 'Yes.' Then Maḥfūẓ b. Suleiman drew near and said: - 'What a strange country this is! We sent for the learned people (''ʿulamāʾ'') to ask about something they know, and also [we sent] for this shaykh, and none of them helps us [with the much needed information] !’ I said: 'God save the Commander of the Faithful! The information you want about the Nūba, I have, as they were orally transmitted by the elders [shaykhs] who heard it from the shaykhs who were present there when the truce (''ḥudna'') and the peace agreement (''ṣulḥ'') were drawn up.' Then I spoke to them about the Nūba according to what I had heard. [The emir] did not approve the supply of wine. I told him: 'Also 'Abdel 'Azīz b. Marwān disapproved of it.' This council was held in Fusṭāṭ in the year 212 H. [= 826 A.D.], after the peace treaty was signed between him and 'Ubaydalla b. as-Sarī b. al-Ḥakam at-Tamīmī, the emir [who was] his predecessor. Osman b. Ṣaliḥ said: - The emir, sent [someone] to the Chancery (''dīwān'') which was outside the great mosque (''al-masjad al-jāmi'ʿ'') of Miṣr and searched for the document concerning the Nūba and found that it was exactly as I told him: he was therefore very pleased."</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Abū Khalīfa Ḥamīd b. Hishām al-Buhturī, the amount fixed in the peace treaty with the Nūba is 360 slaves to the Treasury (''fayʾ'') of the Muslims, 40 slaves to the Governor (''ṣāḥib'') of Egypt; in return, the Muslims pay to the Nūba 1,000 ''ardab'' of wheat (''qamḥ'') and the delegates [of the Nubian king] 300 ''ardab''; the same quantity of barley; 1,000 jugs (''aqnīn''<ref>Several readings are proposed. Cf. Wiet, op.cit., p. 296, n. 6. Caetani (Ann. IV, par. 110, pp. 520-521) read “''iqtīz''”, but admitted that a measure called by this name was unknown to him.</ref>) for the king, and 300 for his delegates, and two horses of the breed used by the emirs; l00 pieces (''thawb'') of cloth of [various] kinds (''asnāf''); 4 pieces of cloth called ''qabātī'' for the king and three for his delegates; 8 pieces of the cloth called ''buqturiyyah''; five pieces of the cloth marked (''mu'lama''; Wiet reads ''Mu'allama'') a mantle (''jibba'') of nappy silk (''mukhmala'', velvet, or wool, fabric) for the king (''malik''), 10 pieces of the cloth (''qums'') called Abū Buqtor, 10 pieces of ''Ahāsī'' (''ahhāsī'', ''ajāsī'') which made is a thick fabric. Abū Khalīfa said: - Neither the book of 'Abdalla b. Wahb, nor the book of al-Wāqidī contains these details, but I had them from Abū Zakaria who told me: - I heard my father Osman b. Saleh telling this story, and I '''[p. 643]''' remember well what I heard. He said: One day I was called to the council [in the presence] of the emir ‘Abdalla b. Tāher, while he was [governor] of Egypt [625-327 A.D.]: the emir said to me: ‘Are you Osman b. Saleh whom we have summoned to give information about the document of the ''baqṭ'' of the Nūba?’ I said: 'Yes.' Then Maḥfūẓ b. Suleiman drew near and said: - 'What a strange country this is! We sent for the learned people (''ʿulamāʾ'') to ask about something they know, and also [we sent] for this shaykh, and none of them helps us [with the much needed information] !’ I said: 'God save the Commander of the Faithful! The information you want about the Nūba, I have, as they were orally transmitted by the elders [shaykhs] who heard it from the shaykhs who were present there when the truce (''ḥudna'') and the peace agreement (''ṣulḥ'') were drawn up.' Then I spoke to them about the Nūba according to what I had heard. [The emir] did not approve the supply of wine. I told him: 'Also 'Abdel 'Azīz b. Marwān disapproved of it.' This council was held in Fusṭāṭ in the year 212 H. [= 826 A.D.], after the peace treaty was signed between him and 'Ubaydalla b. as-Sarī b. al-Ḥakam at-Tamīmī, the emir [who was] his predecessor. Osman b. Ṣaliḥ said: - The emir, sent [someone] to the Chancery (''dīwān'') which was outside the great mosque (''al-masjad al-jāmi'ʿ'') of Miṣr and searched for the document concerning the Nūba and found that it was exactly as I told him: he was therefore very pleased."</div></td></tr> </table>

Seignobos http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4062&oldid=prev Seignobos at 23:57, 25 February 2015 2015-02-25T23:57:29Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:57, 25 February 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l136">Line 136:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 136:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The distance between Dongola and the beginning of the country of 'Alwa is more than that between Dongola and Aswān. In that region there are big and small villages (''al-qurā wa-ḍ-ḍiyyāʿ''), islands, cattle, palm-trees, muql, cultivated fields and vines, many times as much as is seen on the side bordering the land of the Muslims. In these places there are large islands [several] days' journey in length, in which there are mountains and wild beasts and lions (''as-sibāʿ'') and stretches of desert, where the traveller fears to travel without water. From these districts the Nile turns eastwards and westwards for long stretches equalling several days' journey, until the land becomes even on the district where the bend of the Nile reaches the mine known as ''ash-Shanka''<ref>Shanqa. Troupeau: “the great Nile bends between Dongola and Khartoum”. It may be recalled to mind that “''shanqa''” is also the name of a measure of capacity for liquids, mentioned by Maqrīzī in the story of al-Omarī. (See below ''Kitāb al-Muqaffā'').</ref>; it is the country known as ''ash-Shanqir''. Al-Omarī, whose name was Abū 'Abdurrahman 'Abdalla b. 'Abdulhamīd b. 'Abdalla b. 'Abdul'azīz b. 'Abdalla b. 'Abdalla b. 'Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb originated in this country. He had waged several wars in Nubia and Bejaland, had defeated the army of Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn and occupied this district until he met his fate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The distance between Dongola and the beginning of the country of 'Alwa is more than that between Dongola and Aswān. In that region there are big and small villages (''al-qurā wa-ḍ-ḍiyyāʿ''), islands, cattle, palm-trees, muql, cultivated fields and vines, many times as much as is seen on the side bordering the land of the Muslims. In these places there are large islands [several] days' journey in length, in which there are mountains and wild beasts and lions (''as-sibāʿ'') and stretches of desert, where the traveller fears to travel without water. From these districts the Nile turns eastwards and westwards for long stretches equalling several days' journey, until the land becomes even on the district where the bend of the Nile reaches the mine known as ''ash-Shanka''<ref>Shanqa. Troupeau: “the great Nile bends between Dongola and Khartoum”. It may be recalled to mind that “''shanqa''” is also the name of a measure of capacity for liquids, mentioned by Maqrīzī in the story of al-Omarī. (See below ''Kitāb al-Muqaffā'').</ref>; it is the country known as ''ash-Shanqir''. Al-Omarī, whose name was Abū 'Abdurrahman 'Abdalla b. 'Abdulhamīd b. 'Abdalla b. 'Abdul'azīz b. 'Abdalla b. 'Abdalla b. 'Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb originated in this country. He had waged several wars in Nubia and Bejaland, had defeated the army of Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn and occupied this district until he met his fate.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>'''[p. 608]''' The hippopotamuses are numerous in these places. From this place<ref>Today’s Berber.</ref> begins the road leading to Sawākin, Bādi', Dahlak and the islands of the Red Sea.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 608]''' The hippopotamuses are numerous in these places. From this place<ref>Today’s Berber.</ref> begins the road leading to Sawākin, Bādi', Dahlak and the islands of the Red Sea.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Omayyads who escaped death by fleeing to Nūba passed along these roads. In this district there is also a number of Beja, who are known as ''az-Zanāfij'': they had migrated to Nubia long ago and settled there; all of them lead their own pastoral life and preserve their own language, not mixing with the Nūba, nor settling in their [Nubians'] villages. They are under a wālī, who is appointed by the Nubian King. (W. II, 3, pp. 252 - 258).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Omayyads who escaped death by fleeing to Nūba passed along these roads. In this district there is also a number of Beja, who are known as ''az-Zanāfij'': they had migrated to Nubia long ago and settled there; all of them lead their own pastoral life and preserve their own language, not mixing with the Nūba, nor settling in their [Nubians'] villages. They are under a wālī, who is appointed by the Nubian King. (W. II, 3, pp. 252 - 258).</div></td></tr> </table>

Seignobos http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4061&oldid=prev Seignobos at 23:56, 25 February 2015 2015-02-25T23:56:34Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:56, 25 February 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The First Climate stretches across ... the "Nile of Egypt" as far as the country of the Ḥabasha and. the town of Dumqala in the country of the Nūba. (Wiet 1,1,ch.11, §37, p. 42; Bouriant, p. 31) <ref> Maqrīzī’s statements on the stronomical position of Dongola, distances between places in Nubia, the desert east and west of the Nile etc. have been omitted. Of the geographical passages, only those containing historical or legendary data have been included in this collection.</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The First Climate stretches across ... the "Nile of Egypt" as far as the country of the Ḥabasha and. the town of Dumqala in the country of the Nūba. (Wiet 1,1,ch.11, §37, p. 42; Bouriant, p. 31) <ref> Maqrīzī’s statements on the stronomical position of Dongola, distances between places in Nubia, the desert east and west of the Nile etc. have been omitted. Of the geographical passages, only those containing historical or legendary data have been included in this collection.</ref> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>West <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>of Egypt<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </del>there is the Western Desert; to the south, the desert of the Nūba and the Ḥabasha. (W.1,1, ch.III, §1, p. 51; B., p. 36).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>West <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>of Egypt<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] </ins>there is the Western Desert; to the south, the desert of the Nūba and the Ḥabasha. (W.1,1, ch.III, §1, p. 51; B., p. 36).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 587]''' The frontier of Egypt begins at the Sea of the Rūm at Alexandria, or, according to others, at Barqa; traverses the land, passing behind the Oases (''al-wāhāt'') and continues as far as Nubia; then it turns [eastwards] along the borders of Nubia and those of Aswān, touches on the territory of the Beja which lies south of Aswān till it reaches the Sea of Qulzum. (W.I,1,ch.IV, §3, p. 54; B., p. 39).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[p. 587]''' The frontier of Egypt begins at the Sea of the Rūm at Alexandria, or, according to others, at Barqa; traverses the land, passing behind the Oases (''al-wāhāt'') and continues as far as Nubia; then it turns [eastwards] along the borders of Nubia and those of Aswān, touches on the territory of the Beja which lies south of Aswān till it reaches the Sea of Qulzum. (W.I,1,ch.IV, §3, p. 54; B., p. 39).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Those who know well the history <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>of Egypt<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </del>say that the width of Egypt, from Aswān, in the remotest districts of Upper Egypt (''aṣ-Ṣa'īd al-a‘lā'') near the Nubian frontier, to Rosetta is about 30 days' journey. (W. ibid.; pp. 39 - 40).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Those who know well the history <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>of Egypt<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] </ins>say that the width of Egypt, from Aswān, in the remotest districts of Upper Egypt (''aṣ-Ṣa'īd al-a‘lā'') near the Nubian frontier, to Rosetta is about 30 days' journey. (W. ibid.; pp. 39 - 40).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After reaching the southernmost Oases, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>if<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </del>you face towards the east and walk in the direction of the Nile; you will reach the river after eight days. Then if you go <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>upstream<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </del>following the Nile, you will reach the end of the territory of Islam, beyond this lies the country of the Nūba. Cross the Nile and go eastward from Aswān, leaving that town behind, in the direction of 'Aydhāb on the coast of the Sea of Ḥejāz: from Aswān to 'Aydhāb the journey takes five days. (W.1,1,ch.IV, § 8, p. 57; B., p. 41).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After reaching the southernmost Oases, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>if<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] </ins>you face towards the east and walk in the direction of the Nile; you will reach the river after eight days. Then if you go <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>upstream<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] </ins>following the Nile, you will reach the end of the territory of Islam, beyond this lies the country of the Nūba. Cross the Nile and go eastward from Aswān, leaving that town behind, in the direction of 'Aydhāb on the coast of the Sea of Ḥejāz: from Aswān to 'Aydhāb the journey takes five days. (W.1,1,ch.IV, § 8, p. 57; B., p. 41).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Traders go from Upper Egypt to the Maghrib, Nubia, the Beja country, Ḥabasha, Ḥejāz and Yemen. (W.I,1, ch. IX, §34, p. 114; B., p. 76).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Traders go from Upper Egypt to the Maghrib, Nubia, the Beja country, Ḥabasha, Ḥejāz and Yemen. (W.I,1, ch. IX, §34, p. 114; B., p. 76).</div></td></tr> </table>

Seignobos http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4060&oldid=prev Seignobos at 23:55, 25 February 2015 2015-02-25T23:55:04Z

<p></p> <a href="http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=4060&oldid=3773">Show changes</a>

Seignobos http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php?title=1._al-Khitat&diff=3773&oldid=prev Adam Simmons at 19:22, 19 February 2015 2015-02-19T19:22:15Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:22, 19 February 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3">Line 3:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AL-MAQRĪZĪ</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AL-MAQRĪZĪ</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1.) From "Al-Khitaṭ"</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>1.) From "Al-Khitaṭ"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[General Geographical Information]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[General Geographical Information]</div></td></tr> </table>

Adam Simmons